{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T15:18:57Z","timestamp":1786634337115,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]],"date-time":"2022-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019M651754"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019M651754"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu of China","award":["BK20210953"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20210953"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund of Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering","award":["ZX2018007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZX2018007"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund of Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering","award":["GYYS2021206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GYYS2021206"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The contamination of heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Hg, Cd, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, and Sb) in the sediments were investigated in Lake Yangcheng, a eutrophic lake in China. Results showed that the average concentrations of each metal in the surface sediments generally exceeded their corresponding background values. Higher values were observed in deeper zones, supporting the retention and accumulation of heavy metals in the core sediments. The spatial distributions of metal averages, pollution load index (PLI), and combined ecological risk index (RI) revealed that ecological risks were highest in the west lake, followed by middle lake, and were lowest in the east section. For the temporal variations of metal contents, the highest concentration was usually observed in the winter. However, the seasonal dynamics of Hg showed a different pattern with higher values in the autumn and lower values in the winter. According to contamination factor (CF), the Hg and Sb contaminations were considerable, while the other metals were moderate contamination. In terms of geoaccumulation index (Igeo) values, sediments were moderately\u2013heavily polluted by Sb and moderately polluted by Hg, Cd, and Ni. Meanwhile, Hg exhibited a considerable health risk, while Cd and Sb were moderate risks, based on single ecological risk index (Er) values. Significant positive correlations among heavy metals and principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that anthropogenic activities were major sources. The source of Sb might be different from other metals, with industrial discharge as the main loading. This study highlighted the urgency of taking measures to prevent Hg, Sb, and Cd pollutions in Lake Yangcheng, especially the west region of this lake.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10010016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T23:35:09Z","timestamp":1641771309000},"page":"16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Spatial\u2013Temporal Variations, Ecological Risk Assessment, and Source Identification of Heavy Metals in the Sediments of a Shallow Eutrophic Lake, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Xiaomei","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing 210036, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing 210036, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing 210036, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingju","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liqiang","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124879","article-title":"Spatial and geochemical aspects of heavy metal distribution in lacustrine sediments, using the example of Lake Wigry (Poland)","volume":"240","author":"Kostka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.306","article-title":"Distribution, pollution status, and source apportionment of trace metals in lake sediments under the influence of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, China","volume":"671","author":"Zhuang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124425","article-title":"Distribution, ecological risk and source identification of heavy metals in sediments from the Baiyangdian Lake, Northern China","volume":"237","author":"Ji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.10.107","article-title":"Distribution, bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of trace metals in the food web of Chaohu Lake, Anhui, China","volume":"218","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125410","article-title":"Heavy metals in surface sediments in the trans-Himalayan Koshi River catchment: Distribution, source identification and pollution assessment","volume":"244","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.09.057","article-title":"Assessment of metal contamination in water and sediments from major rivers in South Korea from 2008 to 2015","volume":"651","author":"Pandey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.07.026","article-title":"Assessment of heavy metal contamination, distribution and source identification in the sediments from the Zijiang River, China","volume":"645","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134883","article-title":"Spatial-temporal distribution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in surface water of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China","volume":"704","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105512","article-title":"Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments and water from the coastal areas of the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea","volume":"136","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125015","article-title":"A case study on pollution and a human health risk assessment of heavy metals in agricultural soils around Sinop province, Turkey","volume":"241","author":"Baltas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113552","article-title":"Levels, sources and influence mechanisms of heavy metal contamination in topsoils in Mirror Peninsula, East Antarctica","volume":"257","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.30638\/eemj.2012.173","article-title":"Bioleaching of some heavy metals from polluted soils","volume":"11","author":"Micle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012036","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/724\/1\/012036","article-title":"Microscopic testing and analysis of drinking water filters after the final life cycle, using an experimental stand","volume":"724","author":"Crian","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.05.028","article-title":"Metals in the Scheldt estuary: From environmental concentrations to bioaccumulation","volume":"228","author":"Blust","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.05.120","article-title":"Risk assessment and seasonal variations of dissolved trace elements and heavy metals in the Upper Han River, China","volume":"181","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2010.01.004","article-title":"Nutrients and heavy metals in multi-cores from Zhushan Bay at Taihu Lake, the largest shallow lake in the Yangtze Delta, China","volume":"226","author":"Shuchun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2012.06.027","article-title":"Assessment of spatial distribution and potential ecological risk of the heavy metals in relation to granulometric contents of Veeranam lake sediments, India","volume":"84","author":"Suresh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.10.085","article-title":"Multivariate geostatistical analysis and source identification of heavy metals in the sediment of Poyang Lake in China","volume":"621","author":"Dai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.02.029","article-title":"Ecological risk assessment and source identification for heavy metals in surface sediment from the Liaohe River protected area, China","volume":"175","author":"Ke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.05.126","article-title":"Assessment of heavy metal pollution from anthropogenic activities and remediation strategies: A review","volume":"246","author":"Vareda","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2015.04.047","article-title":"Heavy metal contamination in sediments from typical lakes in the five geographic regions of China: Distribution, bioavailability, and risk","volume":"81","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2013.03.012","article-title":"Distribution characteristics and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd) in water and sediments from Lake Dalinouer, China","volume":"93","author":"Hou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.02.062","article-title":"Fraction spatial distributions and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in the sediments of Baiyangdian Lake","volume":"174","author":"Ji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.08.026","article-title":"Assessment of heavy metals contamination in sediments from three adjacent regions of the Yellow River using metal chemical fractions and multivariate analysis techniques","volume":"144","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2016.06.003","article-title":"Spatial distribution, contamination and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of Erhai Lake, a large eutrophic plateau lake in southwest China","volume":"145","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.12.098","article-title":"Geochemical baseline establishment and pollution source determination of heavy metals in lake sediments: A case study in Lihu Lake, China","volume":"657","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.110060","article-title":"Trace metals in core sediments from a deep lake in eastern Turkey: Vertical concentration profiles, eco-environmental risks and possible sources","volume":"189","author":"Varol","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3608","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-019-02341-3","article-title":"Distribution, risk assessment, and source analysis of heavy metals in sediment of rivers located in the hilly area of southern China","volume":"19","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Soils Sediments"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-8252(01)00070-8","article-title":"Antimony in the environment: A review focused on natural waters: I. Occurrence","volume":"57","author":"Filella","year":"2002","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.133819","article-title":"Characterization and source apportionment of heavy metals in the sediments of Lake Tai (China) and its surrounding soils","volume":"694","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.12.357","article-title":"Effects of hairy crab breeding on drinking water quality in a shallow lake","volume":"662","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1590","article-title":"Spatial Distribution and Pollution Assessment of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments of Lake Yangcheng, Jiangsu Province, China","volume":"29","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2015.06.008","article-title":"Spatial variations of macrozoobenthos and sediment nutrients in Lake Yangcheng: Emphasis on effect of pen culture of Chinese mitten crab","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"CNEMC (1990). China Background Values of Soil Element, China Environmental Science Press. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(80)90143-8","article-title":"An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control.a sedimentological approach","volume":"14","author":"Hakanson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02414780","article-title":"Problems in the assessment of heavy-metal levels in estuaries and the formation of a pollution index","volume":"33","author":"Tomlinson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Helgol. Meeresunters."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2014.10.023","article-title":"Spatial distribution, ecological risk assessment and source identification for heavy metals in surface sediments from Dongping Lake, Shandong, East China","volume":"125","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131041","article-title":"Spatial-temporal dynamics, ecological risk assessment, source identification and interactions with internal nutrients release of heavy metals in surface sediments from a large Chinese shallow lake","volume":"282","author":"Rao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.10.078","article-title":"Studies on seasonal pollution of heavy metals in water, sediment, fish and oyster from the Meiliang Bay of Taihu Lake in China","volume":"191","author":"Rajeshkumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2019.110764","article-title":"Heavy metals of sediment cores in Dachan Bay and their responses to human activities","volume":"150","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2020.103787","article-title":"Occurrence and health risk assessment of residual heavy metals in the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis)","volume":"97","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1080\/10643381003608227","article-title":"Human Exposure to Antimony: I. Sources and Intake","volume":"41","author":"Belzile","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-021-09062-6","article-title":"Spatial distribution, environmental risk assessment, and source identification of potentially toxic metals in Atikhisar dam, Turkey","volume":"193","author":"Fural","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2006.03.016","article-title":"Assessing heavy metal sources in agricultural soils of an European Mediterranean area by multivariate analysis","volume":"65","author":"Peris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.05.006","article-title":"One-century sedimentary record of heavy metal pollution in western Taihu Lake, China","volume":"240","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"823","article-title":"Removal of heavy metals from contaminated soil using chitosan as washing agent\u2014A preliminary study","volume":"21","author":"Damian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Prot. Ecol."}],"container-title":["Toxics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/10\/1\/16\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:27:01Z","timestamp":1760362021000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/10\/1\/16"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["toxics10010016"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics10010016","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6304"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2305-6304","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]}}}