{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:44:34Z","timestamp":1760363074805,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]],"date-time":"2022-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NON Research Fund","award":["20200845"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20200845"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002560","name":"Soonchunhyang University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002560","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a growing demand for effective and safe disinfectants. A novel use of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas, which can satisfy such demand, has been reported. However, its efficacy and safety remain unclear. For the safe use of this gas, the stable release of specific concentrations is a must. A new type of ClO2 generator called Dr.CLOTM has recently been introduced. This study aimed to investigate: (1) the effects of Dr.CLOTM on inhibiting adenoviral amplification on human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells; and (2) the acute inhalation safety of using Dr.CLOTM in animal models. After infecting HBE cells with a recombinant adenovirus, the inhibitory power of Dr.CLOTM on the virus was expressed as IFU\/mL in comparison with the control group. The safety of ClO2 gas was indirectly predicted using mice by measuring single-dose inhalation toxicity in specially designed chambers. Dr.CLOTM was found to evaporate in a very constant concentration range at 0\u20130.011 ppm\/m3 for 42 days. In addition, 36\u2013100% of adenoviral amplification was suppressed by Dr.CLOTM, depending on the conditions. The LC50 of ClO2 gas to mice was approximately 68 ppm for males and 141 ppm for females. Histopathological evaluation showed that the lungs of female mice were more resistant to the toxicity from higher ClO2 gas concentrations than those of male mice. Taken together, these results indicate that Dr.CLOTM can be used to provide a safe indoor environment due to its technology that maintains the stable concentration and release of ClO2 gas, which could suppress viral amplification and may prevent viral infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10010038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T03:14:56Z","timestamp":1642130096000},"page":"38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Respiratory Safety Evaluation in Mice and Inhibition of Adenoviral Amplification in Human Bronchial Endothelial Cells Using a Novel Type of Chlorine Dioxide Gas Reactor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Hae-Sung","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyeong-Min","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Napissara","family":"Boonpraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Science, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sun-Mi","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Science, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeong-Eun","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min-Woo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2537-7854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong-Seok","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Su-Young","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NON Inc., Geumsan 32713, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sun-Shin","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Medical Science, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.04.045","article-title":"Disinfection tunnels: Potentially counterproductive in the context of a prolonged pandemic of COVID-19","volume":"183","author":"Biswal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6916e1","article-title":"Cleaning and disinfectant chemical exposures and temporal associations with COVID-19\u2014National poison data system, United States, 1 January 2020\u201331 March 2020","volume":"69","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Morb. 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