{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T14:25:16Z","timestamp":1789568716608,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SEP-CONACYT 255956 G7 CB-2015-01."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SEP-CONACYT 255956 G7 CB-2015-01."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exposures to fine particulate matter PM2.5 are associated with Alzheimer\u2019s, Parkinson\u2019s (AD, PD) and TDP-43 pathology in young Metropolitan Mexico City (MMC) residents. High-resolution structural T1-weighted brain MRI and\/or Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) data were examined in 302 volunteers age 32.7 \u00b1 6.0 years old. We used multivariate linear regressions to examine cortical surface area and thickness, subcortical and cerebellar volumes and MoCA in \u226430 vs. \u226531 years old. MMC residents were exposed to PM2.5 ~ 30.9 \u00b5g\/m3. Robust hemispheric differences in frontal and temporal lobes, caudate and cerebellar gray and white matter and strong associations between MoCA total and index scores and caudate bilateral volumes, frontotemporal and cerebellar volumetric changes were documented. MoCA LIS scores are affected early and low pollution controls \u2265 31 years old have higher MoCA vs. MMC counterparts (p \u2264 0.0001). Residency in MMC is associated with cognitive impairment and overlapping targeted patterns of brain atrophy described for AD, PD and Fronto-Temporal Dementia (FTD). MMC children and young adult longitudinal studies are urgently needed to define brain development impact, cognitive impairment and brain atrophy related to air pollution. Identification of early AD, PD and FTD biomarkers and reductions on PM2.5 emissions, including poorly regulated heavy-duty diesel vehicles, should be prioritized to protect 21.8 million highly exposed MMC urbanites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10040156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]],"date-time":"2022-03-27T21:31:25Z","timestamp":1648416685000},"page":"156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Hemispheric Cortical, Cerebellar and Caudate Atrophy Associated to Cognitive Impairment in Metropolitan Mexico City Young Adults Exposed to Fine Particulate Matter Air Pollution"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3130-7895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lilian","family":"Calder\u00f3n-Garcidue\u00f1as","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA"},{"name":"Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Valle de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 14370, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Department, Hospital HMG, Coyoac\u00e1n, Mexico City 04380, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Partha S.","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Statistical Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 700108, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Styner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro Image Research and Analysis Lab, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana A.","family":"Ch\u00e1vez-Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Valle de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 14370, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel C.","family":"Lu\u00e9vano-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Valle de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 14370, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celia Nohem\u00ed","family":"Crespo-Cort\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Valle de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 14370, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3079-3123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elijah W.","family":"Stommel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Torres-Jard\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias de la Atm\u00f3sfera y Cambio Clim\u00e1tico, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calder\u00f3n-Garcidue\u00f1as, L., P\u00e9rez-Calatayud, A.A., Gonz\u00e1lez-Maciel, A., Reynoso-Robles, R., Silva-Pereyra, H.G., Ramos-Morales, A., Torres-Jard\u00f3n, R., Soberanes-Cerino, C.D.J., Carrillo-Esper, R., and Briones-Gardu\u00f1o, J.C. 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