{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T03:02:20Z","timestamp":1792292540168,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Industrialization has resulted in a massive increase in garbage output, which is frequently discharged or stored in waterways like rivers and seas. Due to their toxicity, durability, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification, heavy metals (such as mercury, cadmium, and lead) have been identified as strong biological poisons. Their presence in the aquatic environment has the potential to affect water quality parameters and aquatic life in general. Teleosts\u2019 histopathology provides a sensitive indicator of pollutant-induced stress, because their organs have a central role in the transformation of different active chemical compounds in the aquatic environment. In particular, the gills, kidneys, and liver are placed at the center of toxicological studies. The purpose of this study is to examine the morphological changes caused by heavy metals in the kidney and gills of Boops boops, with a focus on melanomacrophages centers (MMCs) and rodlet cells (RCs) as environmental biomarkers, using histological and histochemical stainings (hematoxylin\/eosin, Van Gieson trichrome, Periodic Acid Schiff reaction, and Alcian Blue\/PAS 2.5), and immunoperoxidase methods. Our findings show an increase of MMCs and RCs linked to higher exposure to heavy metals, confirming the role of these aggregates and cells as reliable biomarkers of potential aquatic environmental changes reflected in fish fauna. The cytological study of RCs and MMCs could be important in gaining a better understanding of the complicated immune systems of teleosts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10050218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T22:20:20Z","timestamp":1651098020000},"page":"218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Histological and Chemical Analysis of Heavy Metals in Kidney and Gills of Boops boops: Melanomacrophages Centers and Rodlet Cells as Environmental Biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7580-8114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Alesci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Stagno d\u2019Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8055-1915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Cicero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Dental Science and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5815-5302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"Fumia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Viale Gazzi, 98147 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6910-0160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Petrarca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Advanced Science and Technology (CAST), G. D\u2019Annunzio University, 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"YDA\u2013Institute of Clinical Immunotherapy and Advanced Biological Treatments, 65121 Pescara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rocco","family":"Mangifesta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Advanced Science and Technology (CAST), G. 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D\u2019Annunzio University, 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"YDA\u2013Institute of Clinical Immunotherapy and Advanced Biological Treatments, 65121 Pescara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugenia Rita","family":"Lauriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Stagno d\u2019Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16593","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73468-4","article-title":"Heavy metal pollution and risk assessment by the battery of toxicity tests","volume":"10","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. 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