{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T21:51:30Z","timestamp":1787867490127,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]],"date-time":"2022-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia under Higher Institution Centre of Excellence Scheme","award":["R.J090301.7809.4J430"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R.J090301.7809.4J430"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia under Higher Institution Centre of Excellence Scheme","award":["Q.J130000.2409.08G34"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q.J130000.2409.08G34"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia under Higher Institution Centre of Excellence 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(014\/2018)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["600-IRMI\/DANA 5\/3\/BESTARI (P) (014\/2018)"]}]},{"name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA under the BESTARI grant scheme","award":["R.J090301.7809.4J430"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R.J090301.7809.4J430"]}]},{"name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA under the BESTARI grant scheme","award":["Q.J130000.2409.08G34"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q.J130000.2409.08G34"]}]},{"name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA under the BESTARI grant scheme","award":["R.J130000.7351.4B418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R.J130000.7351.4B418"]}]},{"name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA under the BESTARI grant scheme","award":["Q.J130000.21A2.05E41"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q.J130000.21A2.05E41"]}]},{"name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA under the BESTARI grant scheme","award":["600-IRMI\/DANA 5\/3\/BESTARI (P) (014\/2018)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["600-IRMI\/DANA 5\/3\/BESTARI (P) (014\/2018)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since the major route of BPA exposure is via the oral route, BPA may have effects on the gastrointestinal tract, especially on the intestinal barrier, where most digestion and absorption processes occur. In this study, the effects of BPA-treated water on the small intestine (SI) and SI tight junction proteins (TJPs) of both pregnant Sprague\u2013Dawley rats and their fetuses were investigated. Previously, hybrid photocatalytic filtration treatment by a visible light driven N-doped TiO2 membrane has successfully removed up to 81.6% of BPA in water. The effect of BPA-untreated (5.00 \u00b1 ppm) and BPA-treated water (0.9 \u00b1 ppm) after 21 days of exposure on the jejunum and ileum, as well as the expressions of claudin proteins, were investigated by Western blotting (WB) and hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E) in order to investigate the potential of the photocatalytic membrane in removing the detrimental effect of BPA. The results suggest that BPA exposure altered the morphology of villi, and affected the expression level of claudin-2, -3, and -4 proteins in the jejunum and ileum of both pregnant rats and their fetuses. Interestingly, villi and claudins expressions were undisrupted in a treated-BPA water group, which indicated that the degradation of BPA via membranes effectively mitigates the effect on BPA on gastrointestinal tract.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10060296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T05:25:42Z","timestamp":1653974742000},"page":"296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Effect of BPA-Treated Water on the Small Intestine via an In Vivo Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Roziana","family":"Kamaludin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7198-3150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zatilfarihiah","family":"Rasdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Preclinical Sciences Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh 47000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan","family":"Othman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1671-4839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siti Hamimah","family":"Sheikh Abdul Kadir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sungai Buloh Campus, Institute of Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh 47000, Malaysia"},{"name":"Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sungai Buloh Campus, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh 47000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd Yusri","family":"Idorus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Sungai Buloh Campus, Institute of Medical Molecular Biotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh 47000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesmine","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sungai Buloh Campus, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh 47000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan Nor I\u2019zzah","family":"Wan Mohamad Zain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sungai Buloh Campus, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh 47000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad Fauzi","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mukhlis A.","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juhana","family":"Jaafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2009.169300","article-title":"Oestradiol decreases colonic permeability through oestrogen receptor \u03b2-mediated up-regulation of occludin and junctional adhesion molecule-A in epithelial cells","volume":"587","author":"Braniste","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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