{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T10:52:50Z","timestamp":1787914370720,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]],"date-time":"2022-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nowadays, a large amount and variety of plastic is being produced and consumed by human beings on an enormous scale. Microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPLs) have become ubiquitous since they can be found in many ecosystem components. Plastic particles can be found in soil, water, and air. The routes of human exposure are numerous, mainly involving ingestion and inhalation. Once ingested, these particles interact with the gastrointestinal tract and digestive fluids. They can adsorb substances such as additives, heavy metals, proteins, or even microorganisms on their surface, which can cause toxicity. During inhalation, they can be inhaled according to their respective sizes. Studies have reported that exposure to MNPLs can cause damage to the respiratory tract, creating problems such as bronchitis, asthma, fibrosis, and pneumothorax. The reports of boards and committees indicate that there is little data published and available on the toxicity of MNPLs as well as the exposure levels in humans. Despite the well-established concept of MNPLs, their characteristics, and presence in the environment, little is known about their real effects on human health and the environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10060308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T06:31:59Z","timestamp":1655101919000},"page":"308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Scientific Evidence about the Risks of Micro and Nanoplastics (MNPLs) to Human Health and Their Exposure Routes through the Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2157-7952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Clara Bastos","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental and Environmental Pathology\u2013LIM05, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel Pereira","family":"de Jesus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental and Environmental Pathology\u2013LIM05, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7834-321X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dunia","family":"Waked","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental and Environmental Pathology\u2013LIM05, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel Leandro","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental and Environmental Pathology\u2013LIM05, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2324-8426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thamires Moraes","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental and Environmental Pathology\u2013LIM05, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0639-1228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Yuji","family":"Yariwake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental and Environmental Pathology\u2013LIM05, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariane Paula","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental and Environmental Pathology\u2013LIM05, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3648-920X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f4nio Jos\u00e9","family":"Magaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kidney Research Laboratory\u2013LIM12, Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8363-4329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana Matera","family":"Veras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental and Environmental Pathology\u2013LIM05, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21530","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-9910-8","article-title":"Microplastic pollution, a threat to marine ecosystem and human health: A short review","volume":"24","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. 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