{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T02:02:44Z","timestamp":1787882564429,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Among the groups of users of illicit substances, a high percentage are persons deprived of their liberty; at the same time, each social and age group is also affected, to one degree or another. The purpose of this study is to provide general data on the relationship between different psychostimulants, clinical and socio-demographic studies, and gender, both among the general population and in one of the most at-risk groups. This review identifies the use of illicit substances as gender-specific in the general population. A detailed study of the causal relationship between the use of illicit substances and gender was carried out. Electronic databases Academic Search Complete, PubMed, HealthCare, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched for relevant studies up to 2022 associated with drug abuse and mental and health disorders. The analysis indicated that the human population showed significant differences between the sex of the consumer as to the type of drug consumers, development of addiction, and relapse. We focus on the pathological changes caused by drug use, the personal and physiological individual traits that influence drug choice, and the extent of use in one of the most affected groups of individuals. The study may provide some guidance in developing gender-specific treatment and prevention, including response to some pharmacological and behavioral therapies. The review is intended for a wide audience of social workers, toxicologists, and pharmacologists.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10070344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T23:11:19Z","timestamp":1655939479000},"page":"344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Is Illicit Substance Use Gender-Specific? The Basic Points of Mental and Health Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0552-6266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Georgieva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Forensic Medicine, Deontology and Dermatovenerology, Faculty of Medicine, Trakia University, 11 Armeiska Str., 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Department of Medical Psychology, Social Activities and Foreign Languages, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, 11 Armeiska Str., 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, 11 Armeiska Str., 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krasimira","family":"Benkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Psychology, Social Activities and Foreign Languages, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, 11 Armeiska Str., 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadya","family":"Vlaeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Psychology, Social Activities and Foreign Languages, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, 11 Armeiska Str., 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanka","family":"Karamalakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, 11 Armeiska Str., 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radostina","family":"Miteva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Forensic Medicine, Deontology and Dermatovenerology, Faculty of Medicine, Trakia University, 11 Armeiska Str., 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3581-8836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hristo","family":"Abrashev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, 11 Armeiska Str., 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2112-5753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Galina","family":"Nikolova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, 11 Armeiska Str., 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.11.032","article-title":"What data are available on the extent of illicit drug use and dependence globally? 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