{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:14:48Z","timestamp":1787030088766,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["PID2019-104443GB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-104443GB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["SGR 2017-SGR-245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGR 2017-SGR-245"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["IJC2018-035126-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IJC2018-035126-I"]}]},{"name":"Agency for Management of University and Research Grants (AGAUR, Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain)","award":["PID2019-104443GB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-104443GB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Agency for Management of University and Research Grants (AGAUR, Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain)","award":["SGR 2017-SGR-245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGR 2017-SGR-245"]}]},{"name":"Agency for Management of University and Research Grants (AGAUR, Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain)","award":["IJC2018-035126-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IJC2018-035126-I"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2019-104443GB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-104443GB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SGR 2017-SGR-245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGR 2017-SGR-245"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IJC2018-035126-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IJC2018-035126-I"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Clothes contain a wide range of chemicals, some of them potentially hazardous. Recently, there has been a growing interest in eco-friendly clothing, including the use of organic cotton. However, the process of eco-friendly fabric production does not exclude the use of toxic substances, such as formaldehyde, a known human carcinogen. The present investigation was aimed at determining the presence of formaldehyde in eco-friendly and conventional clothing of pregnant women, babies, and toddlers from the Catalan (Spain) market. The potential effects of washing were also investigated by comparing the reduction of formaldehyde in unwashed and washed clothing. Formaldehyde was detected in 20% of samples, with a mean level of 8.96 mg\/kg. Formaldehyde levels were surprisingly higher in eco-friendly than in regular garments (10.4 vs. 8.23 mg\/kg). However, these differences were only significant (p &lt; 0.05) for bras (11.6 vs. 7.46 mg\/kg) and panties (27.1 vs. 6.38 mg\/kg) of pregnant women. Dermal exposure and health risks were assessed for three vulnerable population groups: pregnant women, babies, and toddlers. In general, exposure was higher in babies (up to 1.11 \u00d7 10\u22123 mg\/kg\/day) than in other groups (2.58 \u00d7 10\u22124 and 4.50 \u00d7 10\u22123 mg\/kg\/day in pregnant women and toddlers, respectively). However, both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were below the safety limits (&lt;1 and &lt;10\u22125, respectively) according to national regulations. Notwithstanding, although formaldehyde levels were below the legal limits (&lt;75 mg\/kg) and health risks were within acceptable ranges, clothing may contain other toxic substances in addition to formaldehyde, thus increasing the risks. Finally, since no formaldehyde was detected in washed textile samples, a safe and simple practice for the consumers is to wash clothing before the first use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10070361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T01:40:36Z","timestamp":1656639636000},"page":"361","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Early-Life Exposure to Formaldehyde through Clothing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Herrero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43204 Reus, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4134-016X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neus","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43204 Reus, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4399-6138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim","family":"Rovira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43204 Reus, Spain"},{"name":"Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d\u2019Enginyeria Qu\u00edmica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6302-8578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Montse","family":"Marqu\u00e8s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43204 Reus, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6647-9470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Domingo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43204 Reus, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0217-4827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mart\u00ed","family":"Nadal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43204 Reus, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"European Parliament (2022, June 23). 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