{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T20:11:09Z","timestamp":1792613469539,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["RSP-2021\/84"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP-2021\/84"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This investigation was conducted to test the potential of the galactomannan (F-GAL) and aqueous extract (FS-AE) of the Fenugreek seed aqueous to prevent liver and kidney damage extracts in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T1DM in rats. Non-diabetic and diabetic rats received the normal saline as a vehicle or were treated with FS-EA or F-GAL at a final concentration of 500 mg\/kg\/each. Treatments with both drugs reduced fasting hyperglycemia and improved serum and hepatic lipid profiles in the control and diabetic rats. Additionally, F-GAL and FS-AE attenuated the associated reduction in the mass and structure of the islets of Langerhans in diabetic rats and improved the structure of the kidneys and livers. In association, they also reduced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxides, factor (TNF-\u03b1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and nuclear levels of NF-\u03baB p65, and improved serum levels of ALT, AST, albumin, and creatinine. However, both treatments increased hepatic and renal superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the livers and kidneys of both the control and diabetic-treated rats, which coincided with a significant increase in transcription, translation, and nuclear localization of Nrf2. In conclusion, FS-AE and F-GAL are effective therapeutic options that may afford a possible treatment for T1DM by attenuating pancreatic damage, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hepatic and renal damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10070362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T01:40:36Z","timestamp":1656639636000},"page":"362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Fenugreek Seed Galactomannan Aqueous and Extract Protects against Diabetic Nephropathy and Liver Damage by Targeting NF-\u03baB and Keap1\/Nrf2 Axis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Sarah M.","family":"Alsuliam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nawal A.","family":"Albadr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salah A.","family":"Almaiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullrahman S.","family":"Al-Khalifah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noorah S.","family":"Alkhaldy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2043-1209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghedeir M.","family":"Alshammari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2015.03.013","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and oxidative stress-a concise review","volume":"24","author":"Asmat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. 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