{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:47:31Z","timestamp":1760230051978,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,9]],"date-time":"2022-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"USDA-NIFA, Sustainable Agri-culture Systems","award":["2019-69012-29905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-69012-29905"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this pilot study was to determine the role played by eosinophils in NaCl poisoning and right cardiac hypertrophy (ascitic syndrome) in Leghorn chickens, as well as the histological findings in the central nervous system (CNS), liver, and kidney. Moreover, the hypertrophy of the right ventricle index (HRVI) as an indicator of ascites was evaluated. Male SPF Leghorn birds at 28 days of age were submitted to two experiments. Food and water (FW) experiment: birds were treated with food plus 3.3% NaCl for the next 27 days and 1% NaCl in their drinking water from days 22 to 27. Water experiment (W): birds were treated with 1% NaCl in their drinking water for 5 days. In both experiments, the chickens exhibited loss of appetite, diuresis, and watery, green diarrhea during treatment days; at 24\u201327 td-FW and experiment W, the birds showed nervous signology (prostration, running movements, tremors, and comatose state). In the leukogram at 28 td-FW, an increase (p &lt; 0.05) in heterophiles and basophils was observed. CNS eosinophilia was not observed in birds intoxicated with NaCl, though they did present demyelination in the brain and spinal cord, hepatic degeneration, mesangial proliferative glomerulopathy, and acute proximal renotubular necrosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10070381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T00:06:21Z","timestamp":1657497981000},"page":"381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Histological Identification and Quantification of Eosinophils and Ascites in Leghorn Chickens Treated with High Oral Concentrations of NaCl\u2013Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6109-6366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor M.","family":"Petrone-Garcia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Livestock Sciences Department, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitl\u00e1n, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli 54714, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inkar Alejandro","family":"Castellanos-Huerta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0389-1980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeed","family":"El-Ashram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4376-0651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco A.","family":"Ju\u00e1rez-Estrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Fuente-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8021-716X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle B.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Poultry Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2416-2747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo","family":"Tellez-Isaias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Poultry Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Constable, P.D., Hinchcliff, K.W., Done, S.H., and Gr\u00fcnberg, W. (2017). Diseases of the Nervous System. Veterinary Medicine: A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs, and Goats, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zimmerman, J.J., Karriker, L.A., Ramirez, A., Schwartz, K.J., Stevenson, G.W., and Jianqiang, Z. (2019). Nervous and Locomotor System. Diseases of Swine, Wiley-Blackwell\/American Association of Swine Veterinarians.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119350927"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2020.09.005","article-title":"Sodium intoxication in a domestic rabbit","volume":"35","author":"Patson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exot. Pet Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swayne, D.E. (2020). Toxins and Poisons. Diseases of Poultry, Wiley-Blackwell.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119371199"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2012.11.109","article-title":"Survival of Acute Hypernatremia Due to Massive Soy Sauce Ingestion","volume":"45","author":"Carlberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jen.2020.02.011","article-title":"Salt Toxicity: A Systematic Review and Case Reports","volume":"46","author":"Metheny","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0442.1995.tb00359.x","article-title":"Effect of Concurrent Feeding of Furazolidone and Sodium Chloride upon some Clinical, Pathological and Cardiac Morphometric Parameters in Broiler Chicks","volume":"42","author":"Islam","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/03079458708436353","article-title":"The effect of increased sodium in the drinking water on right ventricular hypertrophy, right ventricular failure and ascites in broiler chickens","volume":"16","author":"Julian","year":"1987","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(88)90101-6","article-title":"Comparative pathology of inflammation in the higher vertebrates (reptiles, birds and mammals)","volume":"99","author":"Montali","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1080\/0007166022000025082","article-title":"Identification and quantification of granulocytes in caecal mucosa and submucosa of chickens experimentally infected with Eimeria tenella and Salmonella Enteritidis","volume":"43","author":"Petrone","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Abdul-Aziz, T., Fletcher, O.J., and Barnes, H.J. (2016). Hemic System. Avian Histopathology, American Association of Avian Pathologists, Inc."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Baze, W.B. (2022, May 20). Available online: https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/openview\/9fc87a4a172c5dba9225f80e20b5f9c7\/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.2307\/1591997","article-title":"Salt Toxicosis in Commercial Turkeys","volume":"39","author":"Wages","year":"1995","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.2307\/1588584","article-title":"Pathologic Features of Experimental Sodium Chloride Poisoning in Chicks","volume":"13","author":"Mohanty","year":"1969","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879500700437","article-title":"Water Deprivation-Sodium Ion Toxicosis in Cattle","volume":"7","author":"Osweiler","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.2307\/1592044","article-title":"Histologic and Morphometric Examination of Avian Glomeruli from Normal and Swollen Kidneys of Broilers at Slaughter","volume":"37","author":"Puette","year":"1993","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/03079458108418474","article-title":"Renal pathology of the fowl\u2014A review","volume":"10","author":"Siller","year":"1981","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"251","article-title":"Nervous System","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Maxie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jubb, Kennedy, and Palmer\u2019s Pathology of Domestic Animals"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"14","article-title":"Salt poisoning in Wisconsin wildlife","volume":"136","author":"Trainer","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1080\/03079459308418934","article-title":"Ascites in poultry","volume":"22","author":"Julian","year":"1993","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1992.53.12.2359","article-title":"Changes in erythrocyte deformability in NaCl-induced right-sided cardiac failure in broiler chickens","volume":"53","author":"Mirsalimi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Rostagno, H.S. (2017). Requerimientos Nutricionales de las Aves. Tablas Brasile\u00f1as para Aves y Cerdos, Universidad Federal de Vi\u00e7osa."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Leary, S.L., Underwood, W., Anthony, R., Grandin, T., Greenacre, C., Gwaltney-Brant, S., McCrackin, M.A., Meyer, R., Miller, D., and Shearer, J. (2020). AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals: 2020 Edition, American Veterinary Medical Association."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Luna, G.L. (1968). Manual of Histologic Staining Methods of the Armed Forces. Institute of Pathology, Mc Graw-Hill Co.. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01003075","article-title":"A new specific, sensitive and non-carcinogenic reagent for the demonstration of horseradish peroxidase","volume":"9","author":"Hanker","year":"1977","journal-title":"Histochem. J."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Campbell, T.W. (1995). Avian Hematology and Cytology, Iowa State University Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1080\/00071667508416232","article-title":"The effect of high dietary sodium chloride on renal function in chicks","volume":"16","author":"Martindale","year":"1975","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/03079458308436169","article-title":"Renal lesions in baby chicks due to sodium chloride poisoning","volume":"12","author":"Sokkar","year":"1983","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F994","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.1989.257.6.F994","article-title":"Sodium chloride and water transport in the thin descending limb of Henle of the quail","volume":"257","author":"Nishimura","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. -Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"37","article-title":"Kryna slika japanskih prepelica hranjenih smesama sa povecanim sadrzajem soli","volume":"27","author":"Sinovek","year":"1992","journal-title":"Peradarstvo"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2014.921715","article-title":"Assessment of Neutrophil\/Lymphocyte Ratio in Patients with Age-related Macular Degeneration","volume":"23","author":"Ilhan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins4030157","article-title":"The Interactions of Human Neutrophils with Shiga Toxins and Related Plant Toxins: Danger or Safety?","volume":"4","author":"Brigotti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"5","article-title":"Broiler pulmonary hypertension syndrome. III. Commercial broiler strains differ in their susceptibility","volume":"55","author":"Huchzermeyer","year":"1988","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0741237","article-title":"Heritability of Ascites and the Ratio of Right to Total Ventricle Weight in Broiler Breeder Male Lines","volume":"74","author":"Lubritz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."}],"container-title":["Toxics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/10\/7\/381\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:47:20Z","timestamp":1760140040000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/10\/7\/381"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,9]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["toxics10070381"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics10070381","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6304"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2305-6304"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,9]]}}}