{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T04:40:40Z","timestamp":1788410440320,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Suicide by helium inhalation has become increasingly common in the last few decades in Europe and the US because it produces a quick and painless death. Inhaled-gas suicides can easily be assessed through death scene investigation and autopsy. However, helium is a colorless and odorless inert gas that unfortunately cannot be detected using standard toxicological analysis. A successful gas analysis was performed following the suicide of a 17-year-old female. For the detection of helium, central\/peripheral blood samples and gaseous samples from the esophagus, stomach, and upper and lower respiratory airways (from the trachea and the primary left and right bronchia) were collected with a gastight syringe, ensuring minimal dilution. Qualitative analyses were positive in all gaseous samples. Quantitative analyses were performed using a special gas-inlet system with a vacuum by which the sample can be transferred to a mass spectrometer, reducing the risk of contamination. Helium concentrations were 20.16% from the trachea, 12.33% from the right lung, and 1.5% from the stomach. Based on the high levels of helium, the cause and manner of death were assessed as asphyxia suicide by inhalation of helium. Therefore, toxicological analyses should always be applied in order to gain evidence of inhaled gas in gaseous samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10080424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T01:41:16Z","timestamp":1659058876000},"page":"424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Helium Suicide, a Rapid and Painless Asphyxia: Toxicological Findings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0516-8422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Carfora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania \u201cL. Vanvitelli\u201d, Via L. Armanni, 5, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaella","family":"Petrella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania \u201cL. Vanvitelli\u201d, Via L. Armanni, 5, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giusy","family":"Ambrosio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania \u201cL. Vanvitelli\u201d, Via L. Armanni, 5, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Mascolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania \u201cL. Vanvitelli\u201d, Via L. Armanni, 5, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Liguori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania \u201cL. Vanvitelli\u201d, Via L. Armanni, 5, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Juhnke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Vacuum and Low Temperature Technology, University of Applied Sciences, Nibelungeplatz 1, D-60318 Frankfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2865-0673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Campobasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania \u201cL. Vanvitelli\u201d, Via L. Armanni, 5, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Salzburg, Ignaz-Harrer-Street, 79, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.08.049","article-title":"Two cases of suicide by asphyxiation due to helium and argon","volume":"223","author":"Avis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0b013e31815b48b0","article-title":"Inhalant deaths in South Australia: A 20-year retrospective autopsy study","volume":"28","author":"Wick","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Forensic Med. 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