{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T16:26:43Z","timestamp":1788884803666,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]],"date-time":"2022-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006109","name":"VEGA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1\/0698\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1\/0698\/22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006109","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006109","name":"VEGA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1\/0144\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1\/0144\/19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006109","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006109","name":"VEGA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16-0289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16-0289"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006109","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006109","name":"VEGA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21-0168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21-0168"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006109","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006109","name":"VEGA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["313011V336"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["313011V336"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006109","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005357","name":"APVV","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1\/0698\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1\/0698\/22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005357","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005357","name":"APVV","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1\/0144\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1\/0144\/19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005357","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005357","name":"APVV","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16-0289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16-0289"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005357","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005357","name":"APVV","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21-0168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21-0168"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005357","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005357","name":"APVV","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["313011V336"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["313011V336"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005357","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Demand-driven research for the sustainable and innovative food, Drive4SIFood","award":["1\/0698\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1\/0698\/22"]}]},{"name":"Demand-driven research for the sustainable and innovative food, Drive4SIFood","award":["1\/0144\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1\/0144\/19"]}]},{"name":"Demand-driven research for the sustainable and innovative food, Drive4SIFood","award":["16-0289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16-0289"]}]},{"name":"Demand-driven research for the sustainable and innovative food, Drive4SIFood","award":["21-0168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21-0168"]}]},{"name":"Demand-driven research for the sustainable and innovative food, Drive4SIFood","award":["313011V336"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["313011V336"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Various studies have shown that the reproductive organs are highly sensitive to toxic elements found in the environment. Due to technological progress, the use of nanoparticles has become more common nowadays. Nanoparticles are used for drug delivery because their dimensions allow them to circulate throughout the body and enter directly into the cell. Antimicrobial properties are increasingly used in the manufacture of medical devices, textiles, food packaging, cosmetics, and other consumer products. Nanoparticles provide several benefits, but aspects related to their effects on living organisms and the environment are not well known. This review summarizes current in vivo, and in vitro animal studies focused on the evaluation of toxicity of selected metal nanoparticles (Ag, ZnO, TiO2) on male and female reproductive health. It can be concluded that higher concentrations of metal nanoparticles in the male reproductive system can cause a decrease in spermatozoa motility, viability and disruption of membrane integrity. Histopathological changes of the testicular epithelium, infiltration of inflammatory cells in the epididymis, and prostatic hyperplasia have been observed. Nanoparticles in the female reproductive system caused their accumulation in the ovaries and uterus. Metal nanoparticles most likely induce polycystic ovary syndrome and follicular atresia, inflammation, apoptosis, and necrosis also occurred.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10080459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T09:47:06Z","timestamp":1660124826000},"page":"459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Effects of Selected Metal Nanoparticles (Ag, ZnO, TiO2) on the Structure and Function of Reproductive Organs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0221-3563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Dianov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. Andreja Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9293-9055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filip","family":"Tirp\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre AgroBioTech, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. Andreja Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marko","family":"Halo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre AgroBioTech, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. Andreja Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1\u0161","family":"Slanina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. Andreja Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Mass\u00e1nyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre AgroBioTech, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. Andreja Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Stawarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Krak\u00f3w, ul. Podchor\u0105\u017cych 2, 30-084 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9964-6132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Formicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Krak\u00f3w, ul. Podchor\u0105\u017cych 2, 30-084 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2016-0357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Madeddu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences-Histology, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43\/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4216-0948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Mass\u00e1nyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. Andreja Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"},{"name":"Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Krak\u00f3w, ul. Podchor\u0105\u017cych 2, 30-084 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Johnson, M.H. (2018). Essential Reproduction, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tirp\u00e1k, F., Halo, M., Tok\u00e1rov\u00e1, K., Binkowski, L.J., Va\u0161\u00ed\u010dek, J., Svoradov\u00e1, A., B\u0142aszczyk-Altman, M., Kov\u00e1\u010dik, A., Tvrd\u00e1, E., and Chrenek, P. (2021). Composition of Stallion Seminal Plasma and Its Impact on Oxidative Stress Markers and Spermatozoa Quality. Life, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/life11111238"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8487","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S170723","article-title":"Potential adverse effects of nanoparticles on the reproductive system","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13338","article-title":"Exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation of public risk prevention instruments threatens the quality of spermatozoids","volume":"54","author":"Tirpak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roychoudhury, S., Chakraborty, S., Choudhury, A.P., Das, A., Jha, N.K., Slama, P., Nath, M., Massanyi, P., Ruokolainen, J., and Kesari, K.K. (2021). Environmental Factors-Induced Oxidative Stress: Hormonal and Molecular Pathway Disruptions in Hypogonadism and Erectile Dysfunction. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10060837"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mass\u00e1nyi, P., Mass\u00e1nyi, M., Madeddu, R., Stawarz, R., and Luk\u00e1\u010d, N. (2020). Effects of Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury on the Structure and Function of Reproductive Organs. Toxics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics8040094"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-018-0406-2","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species and male reproductive hormones","volume":"16","author":"Darbandi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tirp\u00e1k, F., Greifov\u00e1, H., Luk\u00e1\u010d, N., Stawarz, R., and Mass\u00e1nyi, P. (2021). Exogenous Factors Affecting the Functional Integrity of Male Reproduction. Life, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/life11030213"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901556","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201901556","article-title":"Nanoparticle Characterization: What to Measure?","volume":"31","author":"Modena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032019","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/263\/3\/032019","article-title":"A review on the classification, characterisation, synthesis of nanoparticles and their application","volume":"263","author":"Ealia","year":"2017","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satarug, S., Garrett, S.H., Somji, S., Sens, M.A., and Sens, D.A. (2021). Zinc, Zinc Transporters, and Cadmium Cytotoxicity in a Cell Culture Model of Human Urothelium. Toxics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics9050094"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103384","article-title":"Potential toxicity of nanoparticles on the reproductive system animal models: A review","volume":"148","author":"Ajdary","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00606","article-title":"Toxicity of Nanoparticles on the Reproductive System in Animal Models: A Review","volume":"8","author":"Brohi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2017.05.011","article-title":"Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicities","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Koduru, J.R., Karri, R.R., Mubarak, N.M., and Bandala, E.R. (2022). Chapter 9\u2014Chemical and physical properties of nanoparticles and hybrid materials. Sustainable Nanotechnology for Environmental Remediation, Micro and Nano Technologies, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2012.08.028","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles effects on epididymal sperm in rats","volume":"214","author":"Dziendzikowska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Pacheco-Torgal, F., Diamanti, M.V., Nazari, A., Granqvist, C.G., Pruna, A., and Amirkhanian, S. (2019). 28-Toxicity of nanoparticles. Nanotechnology in Eco-Efficient Construction, Woodhead Publishing. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"621","article-title":"Toxicological Consequences of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) and Their Jeopardy to Human Population","volume":"11","author":"Shabbir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bio. Nano Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-10-15","article-title":"Titanium dioxide nanoparticles: A review of current toxicological data","volume":"10","author":"Shi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1513","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1513","article-title":"Nanomaterial exposure, toxicity, and impact on human health","volume":"10","author":"Pietroiusti","year":"2018","journal-title":"WIREs Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canaparo, R., Foglietta, F., Limongi, T., and Serpe, L. (2021). Biomedical Applications of Reactive Oxygen Species Generation by Metal Nanoparticles. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14010053"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Grumezescu, A.M. (2016). Chapter 14\u2014Nanoparticles: Boon to mankind and bane to pathogens. Nanobiomaterials in Antimicrobial Therapy, William Andrew Publishing."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1080\/03602532.2021.1917597","article-title":"Toxicity mechanisms of nanoparticles in the male reproductive system","volume":"53","author":"Habas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2022.113080","article-title":"A reusable and sensitive electrochemical sensor for determination of Allura red in the presence of Tartrazine based on functionalized nanodiamond@SiO2@TiO2; An electrochemical and molecular docking investigation","volume":"164","author":"Mehmandoust","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9395","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S216204","article-title":"Relationship Between Structure And Antimicrobial Activity Of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: An Overview","volume":"14","author":"Pietro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.201400298","article-title":"Can nanotechnology deliver the promised benefits without negatively impacting soil microbial life?","volume":"54","author":"Dimkpa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Basic Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4949","DOI":"10.1039\/D0AY01343A","article-title":"Nano-clay as a solid phase microextractor of copper, cadmium and lead for ultra-trace quantification by ICP-MS","volume":"12","author":"AlMasoud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soltani, L., Samereh, S., and Mohammadi, T. (2022). Effects of Different Concentrations of Zinc-Oxide Nanoparticles on the Quality of Ram Cauda Epididymal Spermatozoa during Storage at 4 \u00b0C. Reprod. Domest. Anim., Epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.14130"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"173","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles: Synthesis methods, bio-applications and properties","volume":"42","author":"Abbasi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2017.01.005","article-title":"A review of reproductive and developmental toxicity of silver nanoparticles in laboratory animals","volume":"67","author":"Ema","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.3109\/17435390.2015.1073396","article-title":"Male- and female-derived somatic and germ cell-specific toxicity of silver nanoparticles in mouse","volume":"10","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.05.019","article-title":"Potential adverse outcome pathway (AOP) of silver nanoparticles mediated reproductive toxicity in zebrafish","volume":"207","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2022, July 04). Consumer Products Inventory: An Inventory of Nanotechnology-Based Consumer Products Introduced on the Market. Available online: https:\/\/www.nanotechproject.tech\/cpi\/browse\/nanomaterials\/silver-nanoparticle\/."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20728-z","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles have lethal and sublethal adverse effects on development and longevity by inducing ROS-mediated stress responses","volume":"8","author":"Mao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22931","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of rocket seeds (Eruca sativa L.) against testicular toxicity and oxidative stress caused by silver nanoparticles injection in rats","volume":"35","author":"Altwaijry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-8-18","article-title":"Distribution of silver in rats following 28 days of repeated oral exposure to silver nanoparticles or silver acetate","volume":"8","author":"Loeschner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111427","article-title":"Administration of silver nanoparticles affects ovarian steroidogenesis and may influence thyroid hormone metabolism in hens (Gallus domesticus)","volume":"208","author":"Grzesiak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/81607","article-title":"The effect of silver nanoparticles on the reproductive system of adult male rats: A morphological, histological and DNA integrity study","volume":"28","author":"Fathi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olugbodi, J.O., David, O., Oketa, E.N., Lawal, B., Okoli, B.J., and Mtunzi, F. (2020). Silver Nanoparticles Stimulates Spermatogenesis Impairments and Hematological Alterations in Testis and Epididymis of Male Rats. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25051063"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03101-9","article-title":"The roles and mechanisms of Leydig cells and myoid cells in regulating spermatogenesis","volume":"76","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3109\/19396368.2014.891163","article-title":"Long-term effects of silver nanoparticles on reproductive activity of rabbit buck","volume":"60","author":"Castellini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Syst. Biol. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2014.01.006","article-title":"Sub-acute intravenous administration of silver nanoparticles in male mice alters Leydig cell function and testosterone levels","volume":"45","author":"Garcia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11170","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11170","article-title":"Internalization of silver nanoparticles into mouse spermatozoa results in poor fertilization and compromised embryo development","volume":"5","author":"Yoisungnern","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1080\/17435390.2020.1774812","article-title":"Acute reproductive toxicology after intratesticular injection of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in Wistar rats","volume":"14","author":"Ansa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1515\/aep-2016-0038","article-title":"Effects of silver nanoparticles of different sizes on cytotoxicity and oxygen metabolism disorders in both reproductive and respiratory system cells","volume":"42","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-1770.ijrcog20171930","article-title":"Functional status of reproductive system under treatment of silver nanoparticles in female mice","volume":"6","author":"Lytvynenko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Reprod. Contracept. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2021.102217","article-title":"Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (using Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark extract) improve the fertility status of rats with polycystic ovarian syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Alwan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"663","article-title":"Dose and time dependent effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on ovarian histology and serum levels of sex hormones in female rats","volume":"14","author":"Luaibi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pak. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2017.07.033","article-title":"Zinc oxide nanoparticles: Synthesis, antiseptic activity and toxicity mechanism","volume":"249","author":"Pomastowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3321","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.2.003321","article-title":"Characterization of optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles for quantitative imaging of transdermal transport","volume":"2","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express BOE"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-015-0040-x","article-title":"Review on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Antibacterial Activity and Toxicity Mechanism","volume":"7","author":"Sirelkhatim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"69","article-title":"Zinc is an Essential Element for Male Fertility: A Review of Zn Roles in Men\u2019s Health, Germination, Sperm Quality, and Fertilization","volume":"19","author":"Fallah","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Infertil."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"4","article-title":"Effect of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) on weights of some reproductive organs and sperm abnormalities in the tail of epididymis of albino mice","volume":"11","author":"Radhi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1039\/c9tx00052f","article-title":"Protective effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles against doxorubicin induced testicular toxicity and DNA damage in male rats","volume":"8","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.29252\/ijrm.15.7.403","article-title":"Combined protective effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles and melatonin on cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity in testicular histology and sperm parameters in adult Wistar rats","volume":"15","author":"Torabi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Reprod. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-018-2909-8","article-title":"The possible protective role of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) on testicular and epididymal structure and sperm parameters in nicotine-treated adult rats (a histological and biochemical study)","volume":"375","author":"Mohamed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3267","DOI":"10.2174\/092986709788803312","article-title":"Doxorubicin: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly Effect","volume":"16","author":"Carvalho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-013-0078-y","article-title":"The effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on mouse spermatogenesis","volume":"30","author":"Talebi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.10.112","article-title":"Supplementing zinc oxide nanoparticles to cryopreservation medium minimizes the freeze-thaw-induced damage to spermatozoa","volume":"494","author":"Isaac","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2021.108941","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation as measured by chromatographic determination of malondialdehyde. Human plasma reference values in health and disease","volume":"709","author":"Dromant","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.08.045","article-title":"The effect of ZnO nanoparticles on rabbit spermatozoa motility and viability parameters in vitro","volume":"28","author":"Halo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.18502\/ijrm.v17i2.3988","article-title":"Subchronic effects of different doses of Zinc oxide nanoparticle on reproductive organs of female rats: An experimental study","volume":"17","author":"Amani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Reprod. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.103290","article-title":"Histological and biochemical apoptosis changes of female rats\u2032 ovary by Zinc oxide nanoparticles and potential protective effects of l-arginine: An experimental study","volume":"74","author":"Efendic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.23060","article-title":"Reproductive organ dysfunction and gene expression after orally administration of ZnO nanoparticles in murine","volume":"36","author":"Kuang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9853","DOI":"10.1021\/cr400634p","article-title":"Composite Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials","volume":"114","author":"Dahl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1021\/es204168d","article-title":"Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Food and Personal Care Products","volume":"46","author":"Weir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziental, D., Czarczynska-Goslinska, B., Mlynarczyk, D.T., Glowacka-Sobotta, A., Stanisz, B., Goslinski, T., and Sobotta, L. (2020). Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles: Prospects and Applications in Medicine. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202002.0271.v1"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"34","article-title":"Reproductive toxicity investigation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in male albino rats","volume":"4","author":"Azmy","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.15244\/pjoes\/70807","article-title":"Toxic Effects of Anatase Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Spermatogenesis and Testicles in Male Mice","volume":"26","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pol. J. Environ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2017.08.014","article-title":"Nano-sized titanium dioxide toxicity in rat prostate and testis: Possible ameliorative effect of morin","volume":"334","author":"Shahin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"139","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of Free Radicals, Antioxidants, and Their Relationship with Human Ailments","volume":"28","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"CRE"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13758","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13758","article-title":"Alteration of sperm parameters and reproductive hormones in Swiss mice via oxidative stress after co-exposure to titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles","volume":"52","author":"Ogunsuyi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2013.04.046","article-title":"Titanium dioxide nanoparticle-induced testicular damage, spermatogenesis suppression, and gene expression alterations in male mice","volume":"258\u2013259","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TX00338A","article-title":"Progress of in vivo studies on the systemic toxicities induced by titanium dioxide nanoparticles","volume":"6","author":"Hong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2012.08.049","article-title":"Ovarian dysfunction and gene-expressed characteristics of female mice caused by long-term exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles","volume":"243","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.29252\/ijrm.16.6.397","article-title":"Oral administration of titanium dioxide nanoparticle through ovarian tissue alterations impairs mice embryonic development","volume":"16","author":"Karimipour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Reprod. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, X., Ze, Y., Gao, G., Sang, X., Li, B., Gui, S., Sheng, L., Sun, Q., Cheng, J., and Cheng, Z. (2013). Nanosized TiO2-Induced Reproductive System Dysfunction and Its Mechanism in Female Mice. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059378"}],"container-title":["Toxics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/10\/8\/459\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:05:47Z","timestamp":1760141147000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/10\/8\/459"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["toxics10080459"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics10080459","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6304"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2305-6304","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]}}}