{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T04:43:29Z","timestamp":1791434609788,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,14]],"date-time":"2022-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institutional Fund Projects","award":["IFPDP-52-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IFPDP-52-22"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxicological analysis of some cases can be complicated by poor sample quality caused by decomposition. Although heroin-related deaths have been researched extensively, the interpretation of toxicology findings in these cases is challenging, especially in instances where blood samples are unavailable. Thus, it is important to develop analytical methods for different sample types. In this study. a method for the quantification of 6-monoacetylmorphine, 6-acetylcodeine, morphine, and codeine in postmortem stomach wall tissue using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was developed and validated. All calibration curves prepared with the stomach wall tissue were linear and ranged from 0.5\u20131000 ng\/g with determination coefficients of &gt;0.99 and a lower limit of quantification of 1.0 ng\/g. The coefficients of variation for within-run precision and between-run precision were &lt;9%. Matrix effects of stomach wall tissues and their extraction recoveries were investigated and ranged from \u221219% to +17% and 76% to 80%, respectively. Among the 16 analyzed heroin-related death cases, 6-monoacetylmorphine, 6-acetylcodeine, morphine, and codeine were detected in 75%, 31%, 100%, and 94% of all stomach wall tissues with median concentrations of 90 ng\/g, 20 ng\/g, 140 ng\/g, and 30 ng\/g, respectively. This study provides new data on the distribution of 6-monoacetylmorphine, 6-Acetylcodeine, morphine, and codeine in postmortem stomach wall tissue and suggests the usefulness of alternative matrices for investigating heroin-related fatalities when blood samples are unavailable. In addition, the prevalence of 6-monoacetylmorphine in the stomach wall tissue was higher than that in the liver and kidney tissues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10080473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T23:44:03Z","timestamp":1660607043000},"page":"473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Post-Mortem Analysis of Heroin Biomarkers, Morphine and Codeine in Stomach Wall Tissue in Heroin-Related Deaths"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4488-2194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Al-Asmari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Department, Ministry of Health, King Abdul-Aziz Hospital, P.O. Box 6470, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poison Control and Forensic Chemistry Center, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 21543, Jeddah 21176, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2855-5134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Torki","family":"Zughaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14200","article-title":"Postmortem Fluid Concentrations of Heroin Biomarkers and Their Metabolites","volume":"65","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.02.012","article-title":"Preanalytic Aspects in Postmortem Toxicology","volume":"142","author":"Skopp","year":"2004","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Moffat, A.C., Osselton, M.D., and Widdop, B. (2011). Clarke\u2019s Analysis of Drugs and Poisons in Pharmaceuticals, Body Fluids and Postmortem Material, Pharmaceutical Press. 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