{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T10:55:49Z","timestamp":1791111349518,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"EC H2020 CLAIM project H2020-BG492 2016-2017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["774586"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["774586"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"EC H2020 CLAIM project H2020-BG492 2016-2017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MICROPLASTICC18_00042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MICROPLASTICC18_00042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Early PostDoc Mobility Grant\u2014Swiss National Science Foundation","award":["774586"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["774586"]}]},{"name":"Early PostDoc Mobility Grant\u2014Swiss National Science Foundation","award":["MICROPLASTICC18_00042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MICROPLASTICC18_00042"]}]},{"name":"European JPI Oceans Response\u2014Towards a risk-based assessment of microplastic pollution in marine ecosystems","award":["774586"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["774586"]}]},{"name":"European JPI Oceans Response\u2014Towards a risk-based assessment of microplastic pollution in marine ecosystems","award":["MICROPLASTICC18_00042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MICROPLASTICC18_00042"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministero dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","award":["774586"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["774586"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministero dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","award":["MICROPLASTICC18_00042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MICROPLASTICC18_00042"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to investigate the ecotoxicity of polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) and polylactic acid (PLA) microplastics (MPs) in two marine zooplankton: the crustacean Artemia franciscana and the cnidarian Aurelia sp. (common jellyfish). To achieve this goal, (i) MP uptake, (ii) immobility, and (iii) behavior (swimming speed, pulsation mode) of crustacean larval stages and jellyfish ephyrae exposed to MPs concentrations (1, 10, 100 mg\/L) were assessed for 24 h. Using traditional and novel techniques, i.e., epifluorescence microscopy and 3D holotomography (HT), PVDF and PLA MPs were found in the digestive systems of the crustaceans and in the gelatinous tissue of jellyfish. Immobility was not affected in either organism, while a significant behavioral alteration in terms of pulsation mode was found in jellyfish after exposure to both PVDF and PLA MPs. Moreover, PLA MPs exposure in jellyfish induced a toxic effect (EC50: 77.43 mg\/L) on the behavioral response. This study provides new insights into PLA and PVDF toxicity with the potential for a large impact on the marine ecosystem, since jellyfish play a key role in the marine food chain. However, further investigations incorporating additional species belonging to other trophic levels are paramount to better understand and clarify the impact of such polymers at micro scale in the marine environment. These findings suggest that although PVDF and PLA have been recently proposed as innovative and, in the case of PLA, biodegradable polymers, their effects on marine biota should not be underestimated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10080479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T03:15:27Z","timestamp":1660706127000},"page":"479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Ecotoxicity of Polyvinylidene Difluoride (PVDF) and Polylactic Acid (PLA) Microplastics in Marine Zooplankton"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Michela","family":"Di Giannantonio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Early PostDoc Mobility Grant\u2014Swiss National Science Foundation, 3000 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6667-9242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Gambardella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for the Study of the Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (CNR-IAS), National Research Council, Via de Marini 16, 16149 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Miroglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for the Study of the Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (CNR-IAS), National Research Council, Via de Marini 16, 16149 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for the Study of the Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (CNR-IAS), National Research Council, Via de Marini 16, 16149 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Sbrana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biophysics (CNR-IBF), National Research Council, Via de Marini 16, 16149 Genova, Italy"},{"name":"Schaefer SEE srl, Via Luigi Einaudi 23, 45100 Rovigo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Smerieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism (CNR-IMEM), National Research Council, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16149 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Carraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism (CNR-IMEM), National Research Council, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16149 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Utzeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies (CNR-SCITEC), National Research Council, Via de Marini 16, 16149 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Faimali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for the Study of the Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (CNR-IAS), National Research Council, Via de Marini 16, 16149 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Garaventa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Early PostDoc Mobility Grant\u2014Swiss National Science Foundation, 3000 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-015-0069-y","article-title":"Microplastics in the Aquatic and Terrestrial Environment: Sources (with a Specific Focus on Personal Care Products), Fate and Effects","volume":"28","author":"Duis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. 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