{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T04:20:13Z","timestamp":1780892413295,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"China Ocean Mineral Resources Research &amp; Development Association (COMRA)","award":["DY135-E2-2-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DY135-E2-2-03"]}]},{"name":"China Ocean Mineral Resources Research &amp; Development Association (COMRA)","award":["DY135-E2-5-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DY135-E2-5-05"]}]},{"name":"China Ocean Mineral Resources Research &amp; Development Association (COMRA)","award":["DY145-HC-69"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DY145-HC-69"]}]},{"name":"China Ocean Mineral Resources Research &amp; Development Association (COMRA)","award":["DY-XZ-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DY-XZ-04"]}]},{"name":"China Ocean Mineral Resources Research &amp; Development Association (COMRA)","award":["2018017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018017"]}]},{"name":"The DY69th Cruise Organized by Beijing Pioneer Hi-Tech Development Corporation","award":["DY135-E2-2-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DY135-E2-2-03"]}]},{"name":"The DY69th Cruise Organized by Beijing Pioneer Hi-Tech Development Corporation","award":["DY135-E2-5-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DY135-E2-5-05"]}]},{"name":"The DY69th Cruise Organized by Beijing Pioneer Hi-Tech Development Corporation","award":["DY145-HC-69"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DY145-HC-69"]}]},{"name":"The DY69th Cruise Organized by Beijing Pioneer Hi-Tech Development Corporation","award":["DY-XZ-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DY-XZ-04"]}]},{"name":"The DY69th Cruise Organized by Beijing Pioneer Hi-Tech Development Corporation","award":["2018017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018017"]}]},{"name":"Deep Sea Habitats Discovery Project of China Deep Ocean Affairs Administration","award":["DY135-E2-2-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DY135-E2-2-03"]}]},{"name":"Deep Sea Habitats Discovery Project of China Deep Ocean Affairs Administration","award":["DY135-E2-5-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DY135-E2-5-05"]}]},{"name":"Deep Sea Habitats Discovery Project of China Deep Ocean Affairs Administration","award":["DY145-HC-69"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DY145-HC-69"]}]},{"name":"Deep Sea Habitats Discovery Project of China Deep Ocean Affairs Administration","award":["DY-XZ-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DY-XZ-04"]}]},{"name":"Deep Sea Habitats Discovery Project of China Deep Ocean Affairs Administration","award":["2018017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018017"]}]},{"name":"The Scientific Research Foundation of Third Institute of Oceanography","award":["DY135-E2-2-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DY135-E2-2-03"]}]},{"name":"The Scientific Research Foundation of Third Institute of Oceanography","award":["DY135-E2-5-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DY135-E2-5-05"]}]},{"name":"The Scientific Research Foundation of Third Institute of Oceanography","award":["DY145-HC-69"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DY145-HC-69"]}]},{"name":"The Scientific Research Foundation of Third Institute of Oceanography","award":["DY-XZ-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DY-XZ-04"]}]},{"name":"The Scientific Research Foundation of Third Institute of Oceanography","award":["2018017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, simulation experiments were conducted to study the response of phytoplankton biomass and community composition to the influence of polymetallic nodules and sediment at four stations in the western Pacific in 2021. Chlorophyll a, pico-phytoplankton cell abundance, and metal concentration were measured before and after 24 h of deck incubation. The results show that there were three different patterns of response, namely, restrained, stimulated, and unaffected patterns. The restrained pattern appeared in the filtered treatments at station Incub.01, and the stimulated pattern appeared in the unfiltered treatments at station Incub.02. The response of the phytoplankton was not detectable at stations Incub.03 and 04. Regardless, positive and negative responses were found in the dominant pico-phytoplankton group\u2014Prochlorococcus\u2014and with slight variation in Synechococcus. The concentration of manganese varied among the treatments compared to that of iron and other metals. The factors affecting the growth of the phytoplankton in this study were metal concentrations and turbidity. The phytoplankton biomass baseline may also have played an important role: the lower the biomass, the higher the growth rate. This study proved that deep-sea polymetallic nodule mining will have a specific impact on surface phytoplankton biomass, but turbidity and particle retention time could be important factors in mitigating the extent of the impact.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10100610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T05:08:02Z","timestamp":1665983282000},"page":"610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Simulation Experiment of Environmental Impact of Deep-Sea Mining: Response of Phytoplankton Community to Polymetallic Nodules and Sediment Enrichment in Surface Water"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Rimei","family":"Ou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources P.R.C., Xiamen 361005, China"},{"name":"College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources P.R.C., Xiamen 361005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinli","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources P.R.C., Xiamen 361005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources P.R.C., Xiamen 361005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danyun","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources P.R.C., Xiamen 361005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiwen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources P.R.C., Xiamen 361005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanyu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources P.R.C., Xiamen 361005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuebao","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources P.R.C., Xiamen 361005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1279-5782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources P.R.C., Xiamen 361005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Risheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources P.R.C., Xiamen 361005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"Non-Renewable Resources, Extraction Technology and Endogenous Growth","volume":"2015","author":"Schwerhoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fed. Reserve Bank Dallas Work. Pap."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Baker, E., and Beaudoin, Y. (2013). Deep Sea Minerals: Deep Sea Minerals and the Green Economy, GRID-Arendal."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-020-0027-0","article-title":"Deep-ocean polymetallic nodules as a resource for critical materials","volume":"1","author":"Hein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Baker, E., and Beaudoin, Y. (2013). Deep Sea Minerals: Manganese Nodules, a Physical, Biological, Environmental, and Technical Review, GRID-Arendal."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2008.05.002","article-title":"Abyssal food limitation, ecosystem structure and climate change","volume":"23","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Baker, E., and Beaudoin, Y. (2013). Deep Sea Minerals: Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts, a Physical, Biological, Environmental, and Technical Review, GRID-Arendal."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, D.O., Kaiser, S., Sweetman, A.K., Smith, C.R., Menot, L., Vink, A., Trueblood, D., Greinert, J., Billett, D.S.M., and Arbizu, P.M. (2017). Biological responses to disturbance from simulated deep-sea polymetallic nodule mining. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171750"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2020.102446","article-title":"Abyssal food-web model indicates faunal carbon flow recovery and impaired microbial loop 26 years after a sediment disturbance experiment","volume":"189","author":"Stratmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2019.02.056","article-title":"Risk assessment for deep sea mining: An overview of risk","volume":"114","author":"Cormier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2019.02.014","article-title":"Potential effects of deep seabed mining on pelagic and benthopelagic biota","volume":"114","author":"Christiansen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2017.00418","article-title":"An Overview of Seabed Mining Including the Current State of Development, Environmental Impacts, and Knowledge Gaps","volume":"4","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2017.04.010","article-title":"Resilience of benthic deep-sea fauna to mining activities","volume":"129","author":"Gollner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5075","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61837-y","article-title":"Measurement and modelling of deep sea sediment plumes and implications for deep sea mining","volume":"10","author":"Spearman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2018.00017","article-title":"Scientific Considerations for the Assessment and Management of Mine Tailings Disposal in the Deep Sea","volume":"5","author":"Vare","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-021-00213-8","article-title":"Extent of impact of deep-sea nodule mining midwater plumes is influenced by sediment loading, turbulence and thresholds","volume":"2","author":"Peacock","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salomon, M., and Markus, T. (2018). Environmental Risks of Deep-sea Mining. Handbook on Marine Environment Protection: Science, Impacts and Sustainable Management, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-60156-4"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2009.12.001","article-title":"Deep-sea mining of seafloor massive sulfides","volume":"34","author":"Hoagland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3433","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-0645(01)00051-0","article-title":"Evaluation of the environmental consequences of polymetallic nodule mining based on the results of the TUSCH Research Association","volume":"48","author":"Thiel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-0645(01)00052-2","article-title":"Parametrization and evaluation of marine environmental impacts produced by deep-sea manganese nodule mining","volume":"48","author":"Oebius","year":"2001","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part II"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"ISA (2010). Recommendations for the Guidance of Contractors for the Assessment of the Possible Environmental Impacts Arising from Exploration for Polymetallic Nodules in the Area, ISA. Available online: https:\/\/isa.org.jm\/files\/files\/documents\/isba-16ltc-7_0.pdf."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"ISA (2020). Recommendations for the Guidance of Contractors for the Assessment of the Possible Environmental Impacts Arising from Exploration for Marine Minerals in the Area, ISA. Available online: https:\/\/isa.org.jm\/files\/files\/documents\/26ltc-6-rev1-en_0.pdf."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1017\/S0030605320000277","article-title":"New report applies the mitigation hierarchy and deep-ocean science to determine risks and impacts of deep-seabed mining","volume":"54","author":"Howard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oryx"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Fasham, M.J.R. (2003). Continental Margin Exchanges. Ocean Biogeochemistry: The Role of the Ocean Carbon Cycle in Global Change, Springer Berlin Heidelberg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1038\/334340a0","article-title":"A novel free-living prochlorophyte abundant in the oceanic euphotic zone","volume":"334","author":"Chisholm","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/277293a0","article-title":"Widespread occurrence of a unicellular, marine, planktonic, cyanobacterium","volume":"277","author":"Waterbury","year":"1979","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1038\/35054541","article-title":"Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from picoplankton reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity","volume":"409","author":"Vaulot","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-4-837-2007","article-title":"Contribution of picoplankton to the total particulate organic carbon concentration in the eastern South Pacific","volume":"4","author":"Grob","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5374.237","article-title":"Primary Production of the Biosphere: Integrating Terrestrial and Oceanic Components","volume":"281","author":"Field","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-121211-172322","article-title":"The Trace Metal Composition of Marine Phytoplankton","volume":"5","author":"Twining","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enceco.2019.06.001","article-title":"Toxicity assessment of cobalt and selenium on marine diatoms and copepods","volume":"1","author":"Karthikeyan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Ecotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-012-9848-7","article-title":"Aureococcus anophagefferens growth potential affected by coastal water toxicants","volume":"25","author":"Wei","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(79)90258-6","article-title":"Effects of manganese, copper and lead on Selenastrum capricornutum and Chlorella stigmatophora","volume":"13","author":"Christensen","year":"1979","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2019.07.062","article-title":"Impact of ferromanganese ore pollution on phytoplankton CO2 fixation in the surface ocean","volume":"146","author":"Dabrowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Parsons, T., Maita, Y., and Lalli, C.M. (1984). Amanual of chemical and biological methods for seawater analysis. Biological Oceanographic Processes, Pergamon Press."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Kemp, P.F., Sherr, B.F., Sherr, E.B., and Cole, J.J. (1993). Phytoplankton analysis using flow cytometry. Handbook of Methods in Aquatic Microbial Ecology, Lewis Publishers."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Irwin, A.J., and Finkel, Z.V. (2008). Mining a Sea of Data: Deducing the Environmental Controls of Ocean Chlorophyll. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003836"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1023\/B:HYDR.0000008628.41451.aa","article-title":"Experimental eutrophication of a shallow acidic mining lake and effects on the phytoplankton","volume":"506","author":"Lessmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1967.12.4.0685","article-title":"Nutrient limitation in the sea dynamics, identification, and significance","volume":"12","author":"Dugdale","year":"1967","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00204","article-title":"Feedback Interactions between Trace Metal Nutrients and Phytoplankton in the Ocean","volume":"3","author":"Sunda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1223","article-title":"Iron\u2013Nutrient Interactions within Phytoplankton","volume":"7","author":"Hanan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/PA005i001p00001","article-title":"Glacial-interglacial CO2 change: The iron hypothesis","volume":"5","author":"Martin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Paleoceanography"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3582","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11426-z","article-title":"Manganese and iron deficiency in Southern Ocean Phaeocystis antarctica populations revealed through taxon-specific protein indicators","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/10641199809379963","article-title":"Potential environmental impact of deep seabed manganese nodule mining on the synechococcus (cyanobacteria) in the northeast equatorial pacific: Effect of bottom water-sediment slurry","volume":"16","author":"Hyun","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mar. Georesources Geotechnol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21122-6","article-title":"Manganese co-limitation of phytoplankton growth and major nutrient drawdown in the Southern Ocean","volume":"12","author":"Browning","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1016\/0198-0149(88)90084-2","article-title":"Effect of sunlight on redox cycles of manganese in the southwestern Sargasso Sea","volume":"35","author":"Sunda","year":"1998","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part A Oceanogr. Res. Pap."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006282714942","article-title":"The role of trace metals in photosynthetic electron transport in O2-evolving organisms","volume":"60","author":"Raven","year":"1999","journal-title":"Photosynth. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/S0422-9894(08)71420-X","article-title":"Chapter 15 Impacts of Manganese Nodule Mining on the Environment: Results from Pilot-Scale Mining Tests in the North Equatorial Pacific","volume":"Volume 27","author":"Geyer","year":"1981","journal-title":"Elsevier Oceanography Series"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Schriever, G., and Thiel, H. (2013, January 22\u201326). Tailings and their Disposal in Deep-Sea Mining. Proceedings of the Tenth ISOPE Ocean Mining and Gas Hydrates Symposium, Szczecin, Poland."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02414768","article-title":"Assessment of environmental effects of deep ocean mining of manganese nodules","volume":"33","author":"Burns","year":"1980","journal-title":"Helgol\u00e4nder Meeresunters."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/0308-597X(77)90050-1","article-title":"Environmental aspects of manganese nodule mining","volume":"1","author":"Amos","year":"1977","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"}],"container-title":["Toxics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/10\/10\/610\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:53:54Z","timestamp":1760144034000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/10\/10\/610"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["toxics10100610"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics10100610","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6304"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2305-6304","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]}}}