{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T04:54:02Z","timestamp":1790916842164,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,23]],"date-time":"2022-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82070116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82070116"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urinary benzene metabolites trans, trans-muconic acid (t, t-MA), and S-phenyl mercapturic acid (S-PMA) are often used as biomarkers of internal exposure to benzene. However, there are few reports on using urinary benzene metabolites to estimate airborne benzene concentrations in individuals exposed to benzene. In this study, t, t-MA, and S-PMA were analyzed by UPLC-MS\/MS, and a simple pharmacokinetic model was used to calculate the daily intake (DI) of benzene based on the levels of urinary t, t-MA, and S-PMA in occupational individuals. The back-calculated airborne benzene levels (BCABL) were obtained from the DI of benzene. Among the exposed subjects (n = 84), the median BCABL (3.67 mg\/m3) based on t, t-MA was very close to the median level of measured airborne benzene (3.27 mg\/m3, p = 0.171), and there was no effect of smoking or dietary habits on t, t-MA-based BCABL. In the control subjects (n = 49), the levels of measured airborne benzene were all below the quantitation limit (0.024 mg\/m3), and the BCABL (0.002\u20130.25 mg\/m3) calculated by S-PMA was close to this background level. Our study suggests that the t, t-MA-based BCABL can reflect the actual airborne benzene level in a range of 1.10\u201386.91 mg\/m3 and that the S-PMA-based BCABL is more reliable for non-professional benzene exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10110636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T11:53:55Z","timestamp":1666612435000},"page":"636","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Using Urinary Biomarkers to Estimate the Benzene Exposure Levels in Individuals Exposed to Benzene"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Shiwei","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygienic Inspection, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"},{"name":"National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygienic Inspection, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huifang","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology Research Center of China Customs, Beijing 100026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Health, Jinan Railway Disease Control and Prevention Center, Jinan 250001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caihong","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygienic Inspection, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2021.220","article-title":"The Distribution and Concentration Monitoring of Benzene Industries\u2014Six PLADs, China, 2020","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111562","article-title":"Association between benzene exposure, serum levels of cytokines and hematological measures in Chinese workers: A cross-sectional study","volume":"207","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. 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