{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T11:00:01Z","timestamp":1785495601724,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Research and Innovation Support Fund (SRISF), Amman, Jordan","award":["WE\/2\/6\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WE\/2\/6\/2015"]}]},{"name":"Open Access Publishing Fund of Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover","award":["WE\/2\/6\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WE\/2\/6\/2015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The accumulation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in plants is considered one of the most serious threats faced by mankind because of their persistence in the environment and their carcinogenic and teratogenic effect on human health. The concentrations of sixteen priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (16 PAHs) were determined in four types of edible vegetables (tomatoes, zucchini, eggplants, and cucumbers), irrigation water, and agriculture soil, where samples were collected from the Jordan Valley, Jordan. The mean total concentration of 16 PAHs (\u221116PAHs) ranged from 10.649 to 21.774 \u00b5g kg\u22121 in vegetables, 28.72 \u00b5g kg\u22121 in soil, and 0.218 \u00b5g L\u22121 in the water samples. The tomato samples posed the highest \u221116PAH concentration level in the vegetables, whereas the zucchini samples had the lowest. Generally, the PAHs with a high molecular weight and four or more benzene rings prevailed among the studied samples. The diagnostic ratios and the principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the PAH contamination sources in soil and vegetables mainly originated from a pyrogenic origin, traffic emission sources, and biomass combustion. The bioconcentration factors (BCF) for \u221116PAHs have been observed in the order of tomatoes &gt; cucumbers and eggplants &gt; zucchini. A potential cancer risk related to lifetime consumption was revealed based on calculating the incremental lifetime cancer risk of PAHs (ILCR). Therefore, sustainable agricultural practices and avoiding biomass combusting would greatly help in minimizing the potential health risk from dietary exposure to PAHs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10110643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T22:36:17Z","timestamp":1666910177000},"page":"643","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Accumulation, Source Identification, and Cancer Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Different Jordanian Vegetables"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Farh","family":"Al-Nasir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, Mutah University, Karak 61710, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3109-5677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tahani J.","family":"Hijazin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Mutah University, Karak 61710, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mutaz M.","family":"Al-Alawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Environment, Amman 11941, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anwar","family":"Jiries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mutah University, Karak 61710, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7107-9460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osama Y.","family":"Al-Madanat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mutah University, Karak 61710, Jordan"},{"name":"Prince Faisal Center for the Dead Sea, Environmental and Energy Research, Mutah 61710, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amal","family":"Mayyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Science, American University of Madaba, Amman 11821, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saddam","family":"A. Al-Dalain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Al-Shoubak University College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt 19117, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasha","family":"Al-Dmour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mutah University, Karak 61710, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9843-5883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdalrahim","family":"Alahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Technische Chemie, Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mufeed I.","family":"Batarseh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mutah University, Karak 61710, Jordan"},{"name":"Academic Support Department, Abu Dhabi Polytechnic, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 111499, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147741","article-title":"A review on analysis methods, source identification, and cancer risk evaluation of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons","volume":"789","author":"Famiyeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S1002-0160(17)60293-5","article-title":"Characteristics and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soils: A review","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pedosphere"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.133413","article-title":"Concentration, source apportionment and potential carcinogenic risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in roadside soils","volume":"292","author":"Shukla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.133734","article-title":"Emission of PAHs, PCBs, PBDEs and heavy metals in air, water and soil around a waste plastic recycling factory in an industrial park, Eastern China","volume":"294","author":"Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.133745","article-title":"Investigation of PAHs, nitrated PAHs and oxygenated PAHs in PM10 urban aerosols. A comprehensive data analysis","volume":"294","author":"Lara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141123","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) persistence, bioavailability and toxicity in sewage sludge- or sewage sludge-derived biochar-amended soil","volume":"747","author":"Tomczyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.110995","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in marine organisms from two fishing grounds, South Yellow Sea, China: Bioaccumulation and human health risk assessment","volume":"153","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.110886","article-title":"Dynamic distribution and accumulation of PAHs in winter wheat during whole plant growth: Field investigation","volume":"202","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Douben, P.E.T. (2003). PAHs: An Ecotoxicological Perspective, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/0470867132"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7398","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.0c01713","article-title":"Mechanistic Insights into Hydrogen Evolution by Photocatalytic Reforming of Naphthalene","volume":"10","author":"AlSalka","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Madanat, O., AlSalka, Y., Ramadan, W., and Bahnemann, D.W. (2021). TiO2 Photocatalysis for the Transformation of Aromatic Water Pollutants into Fuels. Catalysts, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal11030317"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2021.07.013","article-title":"TiO2 photocatalysis: Impact of the platinum loading method on reductive and oxidative half-reactions","volume":"380","author":"Curti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Madanat, O., AlSalka, Y., Dillert, R., and Bahnemann, D.W. (2021). Photocatalytic H2 Production from Naphthalene by Various TiO2 Photocatalysts: Impact of Pt Loading and Formation of Intermediates. Catalysts, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal11010107"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AlSalka, Y., Al-Madanat, O., Hakki, A., and Bahnemann, D.W. (2021). Boosting the H2 Production Efficiency via Photocatalytic Organic Reforming: The Role of Additional Hole Scavenging System. Catalysts, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal11121423"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339841","DOI":"10.1080\/23311843.2017.1339841","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. A review","volume":"3","author":"Lawal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cogent Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq1992.00472425002100020010x","article-title":"Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon Uptake by Carrots Grown in Sludge-Amended Soil","volume":"21","author":"Wild","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.08.031","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils from a multi-industrial city, South Korea","volume":"470\u2013471","author":"Kwon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1021\/es010180s","article-title":"Soil Ecotoxicity of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Relation to Soil Sorption, Lipophilicity, and Water Solubility","volume":"36","author":"Sverdrup","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2006.01.058","article-title":"Evidence for bioaccumulation of PAHs within internal shoot tissues by a halophytic plant artificially exposed to petroleum-polluted sediments","volume":"65","author":"Meudec","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2002.1649","article-title":"Soil-to-Root transfer and translocation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by vegetables grown on industrial contaminated soils","volume":"31","author":"Fismes","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/10807039.2019.1692300","article-title":"Evaluation, source apportionment and health risk assessment of heavy metal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil and vegetable of Ahvaz metropolis","volume":"27","author":"Bahrami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2009.01.058","article-title":"Monitoring of pesticides and heavy metals in cucumber fruits produced from different farming systems","volume":"75","author":"Mansour","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-012-0528-8","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in vegetables and fruits produced in Saudi Arabia","volume":"88","author":"Ashraf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalteh, S., Rastkari, N., Shamsipour, M., Alimohammadi, M., and Yunesian, M. (2020). Health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons via dietary intake of leafy vegetables. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 1\u201316.","DOI":"10.1080\/03067319.2020.1817906"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1080\/15569543.2020.1767650","article-title":"Contamination of toxic metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in rooftop vegetables and human health risks in Bangladesh","volume":"40","author":"Tusher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxin Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1080\/10934529.2017.1377573","article-title":"Determination and risk assessment of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetables","volume":"53","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2008.01.064","article-title":"Agricultural reuse of reclaimed water and uptake of organic compounds: Pilot study at Mutah University wastewater treatment plant, Jordan","volume":"72","author":"Batarseh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.11.028","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fruits and vegetables: Origin, analysis, and occurrence","volume":"234","author":"Paris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2005.09.012","article-title":"Residues of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides in organically-farmed vegetables","volume":"63","author":"Zohair","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.06.002","article-title":"Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in vegetables near industrial areas of Shanghai, China: Sources, exposure, and cancer risk","volume":"241","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581253","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1581253","article-title":"Distribution and Health Risk Assessment on Dietary Exposure of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vegetables in Nanjing, China","volume":"2016","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.3923\/jest.2011.611.620","article-title":"Quantification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Leafy and Underground Vegetables: A Case Study Around Panipat City, Haryana, India","volume":"4","author":"Tuteja","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (2008). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Food\u2014Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain. EFSA J., 6, 1\u2013114.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2008.724"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-006-1091-y","article-title":"Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Fruits and Vegetables Grown in the Czech Republic","volume":"77","author":"Kocourek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1080\/15320383.2011.587043","article-title":"Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) and Heavy Metals in Dry and Wet Sludge from As-Samra Wastewater Treatment Plant, Jordan","volume":"20","author":"Batarseh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soil Sediment Contam. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2014.01.011","article-title":"Semi-volatile organic pollutants in Jordanian surface water","volume":"10","author":"Tahboub","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2021). Department of Statistics, Jordanian Statistics Press."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"247","article-title":"Polychlorinated Biphenyls Residue in Citrus and Vegetables in the Jordan Valley, Jordan","volume":"10","author":"AlRabadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jordan J. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2022.104027","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in citrus fruit irrigated with fresh water under arid conditions: Concentrations, sources, and risk assessment","volume":"15","author":"Jiries","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"European Commission (EC) (2002). Commission directive 2002\/63\/EC of 11 July 2002 establishing Community methods of sampling for the official control of pesticides in and on product of plant and animal origin and repealing Directive. Off. J. Eur. Communities, 187, 703\u2013743."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2018.07.077","article-title":"On-line combining monolith-based in-tube solid phase microextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography- fluorescence detection for the sensitive monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in complex samples","volume":"1571","author":"Pang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2007.01.009","article-title":"A Practical guide to analytical method validation, including mea-surement uncertainty and accuracy profiles","volume":"26","author":"Herrador","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"497","article-title":"The Analysis and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Contamination in Vegetables and Fruits Samples Marketed Tehran With Chemometric Approach","volume":"Volume 23","author":"Khalili","year":"2020","journal-title":"Global NEST Journal"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.5740\/jaoacint.11-035","article-title":"Screening and Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Seafoods Using QuEChERS-Based Extraction and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection","volume":"94","author":"Gratz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"USEPA (2017). Toxicological Review of Benzo[a]pyrene: CASRN 50-32-8."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Wang, N., and Lang, Y. (2010, January 10\u201312). Ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils of Liaohe Estuarine Wetland. Proceedings of the Conference on Environmental Pollution and Public Health, Wuhan, China."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0883-2927(95)00076-3","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soils in Poland: Preliminary proposals for criteria to evaluate the level of soil contamination","volume":"11","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (1991). Interim Canadian Environmental Quality Criteria for Contaminated Sites, CCME."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.07.058","article-title":"Pattern, sources and toxic potential of PAHs in the agricultural soils of Delhi, India","volume":"163","author":"Agarwal","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2006.12.015","article-title":"Occurrence and assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from vegetable fields of the Pearl River Delta, South China","volume":"68","author":"Cai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18195","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-9473-8","article-title":"Distribution, transfer, and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil-wheat systems of Henan Province, a typical agriculture province of China","volume":"24","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2009.05.032","article-title":"Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Canadian mountain air and soil are controlled by proximity to roads","volume":"157","author":"Choi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1081\/ESE-120002588","article-title":"Some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetables from Northern China","volume":"37","author":"Zhong","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Lu, W., Xu, L., Wu, W., Sun, B., Fan, W., Zheng, H., and Huang, J. (2022). Environmental Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Farmland Soils near Highways: A Case Study of Guangzhou, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191610265"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-7135(02)00052-X","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Brazilian vegetables and fruits","volume":"14","author":"Toledo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-016-5695-3","article-title":"Bioaccumulation and cancer risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in leafy vegetables grown in soils within automobile repair complex and environ in Uyo, Nigeria","volume":"188","author":"Inam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1021\/ez400214q","article-title":"Plant Translocation of Organic Compounds: Molecular and Physicochemical Predictors","volume":"1","author":"Limmer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, K.C. (1991). Organic Contaminants in the Environment: Environmental Pathways & Effects, Elsevier Applied Science.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-4329-2"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-007-9816-x","article-title":"The concentrations, distribution and sources of PAHs in agricultural soils and vegetables from Shunde, Guangdong, China","volume":"139","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(99)00312-X","article-title":"Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Mumbai, India","volume":"34","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2000","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2004.01.009","article-title":"Study of PAH emission from the solid fuels combustion in residential furnaces","volume":"133","author":"Kakareka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(02)00650-2","article-title":"PAH emission from the open burning of agricultural debris","volume":"308","author":"Kakareka","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2014.03.043","article-title":"Distribution, sources and potential toxicological significance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface soils of the Yellow River Delta, China","volume":"83","author":"Yuan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(86)90083-1","article-title":"Relative decay index and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons","volume":"20","author":"Masclet","year":"1986","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0269-7491(99)00107-4","article-title":"Bioconcentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetables grown in an industrial area","volume":"106","author":"Kipopoulou","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s10098-014-0840-6","article-title":"How can plants manage polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons? May these effects represent a useful tool for an effective soil remediation? A review","volume":"17","author":"Maluckov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clean Technol. Environ. Policy"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(03)00453-4","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in agricultural soil and vegetables from Tianjin","volume":"320","author":"Tao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swartjes, F.A. (2011). Uptake of Organic Contaminants from Soil into Vegetables and Fruits. Dealing with Contaminated Sites: From Theory towards Practical Application, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-9757-6"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143828","article-title":"Dietary exposure and cancer risk assessment of the Pakistani population exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons","volume":"757","author":"Aamir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.05.022","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) geographical distribution in China and their source, risk assessment analysis","volume":"251","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.109381","article-title":"Cancer risk assessment of soils contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Shanxi, China","volume":"182","author":"Qi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(13)60424-6","article-title":"Health risk assessment of dietary exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Taiyuan, China","volume":"26","author":"Nie","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"USEPA (1996). Soil Screening Guidance: Technical Background Document."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2013.07.019","article-title":"A review of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their human health effects","volume":"60","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Int."}],"container-title":["Toxics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/10\/11\/643\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:04:15Z","timestamp":1760144655000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/10\/11\/643"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["toxics10110643"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics10110643","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6304"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2305-6304","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]}}}