{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T21:36:05Z","timestamp":1768340165935,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]],"date-time":"2022-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) is a non-volatile, non-oxidative, hydrophilic, and stable ethanol phase II metabolite. EtG is produced through ethanol glucuronidation by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), a phase II enzyme. EtG can be extracted from different biological matrices, including keratin ones, such as hair or nails. The purpose of this scoping review is to describe the relationship between EtG levels in hair and some of the most common and frequent pathological conditions and verify whether different reference cut-offs in relation to various pathologies have been identified in the scientific literature. In fact, in-depth knowledge of the influence of pathologies, such as diabetes mellitus, hepatic and renal dysfunction, on EtG production and its storage in keratin matrices would allow a more appropriate interpretation of obtained data and rule out false positives or false negatives. This scoping review is based on bibliographic research carried out on PubMed regarding the quantification of EtG in hair of subjects affected by different pathological conditions. According to the scientific literature, the main and most common pathologies that can affect the concentration of EtG in hair are liver and kidney diseases and diabetes. The EtG quantification analytical data should be interpreted carefully as they may have a great impact in both forensic and clinical contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10110682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T04:24:10Z","timestamp":1668399850000},"page":"682","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["EtG Quantification in Hair and Different Reference Cut-Offs in Relation to Various Pathologies: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Valentina","family":"Triolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Policlinic Hospital, AOUP \u201cP. Giaccone\u201d, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5655-6452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Span\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Policlinic Hospital, AOUP \u201cP. Giaccone\u201d, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Buscemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Gio\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Policlinic Hospital, AOUP \u201cP. Giaccone\u201d, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0917-7809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ginevra","family":"Malta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marija","family":"\u010caplinskiene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Forensic Medicine Service, Mykolas Romeris University, Ateities St. 20, LT-08303 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9256-4326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Vaiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicology Division, Department of Health Sciences, University of Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Bertol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicology Division, Department of Health Sciences, University of Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Zerbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Policlinic Hospital, AOUP \u201cP. Giaccone\u201d, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9636-572X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe Davide","family":"Albano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9964-0184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonina","family":"Argo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Policlinic Hospital, AOUP \u201cP. Giaccone\u201d, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.10.008","article-title":"Hair ethyl glucuronide levels as a marker for alcohol use and abuse: A review of the current state of the art","volume":"134","author":"Crunelle","year":"2014","journal-title":"DAD Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1359-6357.2003.00588.x","article-title":"Ethyl glucuronide\u2014The direct ethanol metabolite on the threshold from science to routine use","volume":"98","author":"Wurst","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2022, August 31). 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