{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:24:52Z","timestamp":1788999892432,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21976093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21976093"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work comprehensively investigated the constituents, sources, and associated health risks of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) sampled during the autumn of 2020 in urban Nanjing, a megacity in the densely populated Yangtze River Delta region in China. The total VOC (TVOC, sum of 108 species) concentration was determined to be 29.04 \u00b1 14.89 ppb, and it was consisted of alkanes (36.9%), oxygenated VOCs (19.9%), halogens (19.1%), aromatics (9.9%), alkenes (8.9%), alkynes (4.9%), and others (0.4%). The mean TVOC\/NOx (ppbC\/ppbv) ratio was only 3.32, indicating the ozone control is overall VOC-limited. In terms of the ozone formation potential (OFP), however, the largest contributor became aromatics (41.9%), followed by alkenes (27.6%), and alkanes (16.9%); aromatics were also the dominant species in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, indicative of the critical importance of aromatics reduction to the coordinated control of ozone and fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Mass ratios of ethylbenzene\/xylene (E\/X), isopentane\/n-\u2212pentane (I\/N), and toluene\/benzene (T\/B) ratios all pointed to the significant influence of traffic on VOCs. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) revealed five sources showing that traffic was the largest contributor (29.2%), particularly in the morning. A biogenic source, however, became the most important source in the afternoon (31.3%). The calculated noncarcinogenic risk (NCR) and lifetime carcinogenic risk (LCR) of the VOCs were low, but four species, acrolein, benzene, 1,2-dichloroethane, and 1,2-dibromoethane, were found to possess risks exceeding the thresholds. Furthermore, we conducted a multilinear regression to apportion the health risks to the PMF-resolved sources. Results show that the biogenic source instead of traffic became the most prominent contributor to the TVOC NCR and its contribution in the afternoon even outpaced the sum of all other sources. In summary, our analysis reveals the priority of controls of aromatics and traffic\/industrial emissions to the efficient coreduction of O3 and PM2.5; our analysis also underscores that biogenic emissions should be paid special attention if considering the direct health risks of VOCs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10120722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T03:34:24Z","timestamp":1669347264000},"page":"722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Chemical Characteristics and Source-Specific Health Risks of the Volatile Organic Compounds in Urban Nanjing, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jingyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shijie","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunjiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junfeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9531-6478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinlei","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/00966665.1954.10467649","article-title":"Photochemical Ozone Formation with Hydrocarbons and Automobile Exhaust","volume":"4","author":"Fox","year":"1954","journal-title":"Air Repair"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.04.030","article-title":"Evolution process and sources of ambient volatile organic compounds during a severe haze event in Beijing, China","volume":"560","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137617","article-title":"Significant impact of coal combustion on VOCs emissions in winter in a North China rural site","volume":"720","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2018.05.027","article-title":"Observation and analysis of atmospheric volatile organic compounds in a typical petrochemical area in Yangtze River Delta, China","volume":"71","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109141","article-title":"Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and ozone formation potentials of volatile organic compounds from three typical functional areas in China","volume":"183","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-020-08360-9","article-title":"Observation and analysis of VOCs in nine prefecture-level cities of Sichuan Province, China","volume":"192","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(99)00460-4","article-title":"Atmospheric chemistry of VOCs and NOx","volume":"34","author":"Atkinson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02518","article-title":"Ozone Pollution: A Major Health Hazard Worldwide","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2022.127757","article-title":"Unmanned aerial systems for modelling air pollution removal by urban greenery","volume":"78","author":"Zapletal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.06.047","article-title":"Gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants in response to ambient ozone at a rural site in Egypt","volume":"497\u2013498","author":"Ismail","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8074","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-9239-3","article-title":"The effects of ozone on human health","volume":"25","author":"Nuvolone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.7b00077","article-title":"Ozone Exposure, Cardiopulmonary Health, and Obesity: A Substantive Review","volume":"30","author":"Koman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2019.116902","article-title":"Characteristics and sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Shanghai during summer: Implications of regional transport","volume":"215","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Wang, X., Li, H., Cheng, N., Zhang, Y., Zhang, K., and Li, L. (2021). Variations in Levels and Sources of Atmospheric VOCs during the Continuous Haze and Non-Haze Episodes in the Urban Area of Beijing: A Case Study in Spring of 2019. Atmosphere, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos12020171"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2021.02.024","article-title":"Ambient volatile organic compounds at a receptor site in the Pearl River Delta region: Variations, source apportionment and effects on ozone formation","volume":"111","author":"Meng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118485","article-title":"Component characteristics and source apportionment of volatile organic compounds during summer and winter in downtown Chengdu, southwest China","volume":"258","author":"Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-021-01090-y","article-title":"Insight into the environmental monitoring and source apportionment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in various functional areas","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos. Health"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"5306","article-title":"Characteristics and Reactivity of Ambient VOCs in Urban Hangzhou, China","volume":"41","author":"Jing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Huan Jing Ke Xue"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.104923","article-title":"Characteristics of summertime ambient VOCs and their contributions to O3 and SOA formation in a suburban area of Nanjing, China","volume":"240","author":"Mozaffar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2021.12.029","article-title":"Pioneering observation of atmospheric volatile organic compounds in Hangzhou in eastern China and implications for upcoming 2022 Asian Games","volume":"124","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.201003-027RN","article-title":"The effects of air pollutants and irritants on the upper airway","volume":"8","author":"Shusterman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/10408440490269586","article-title":"Assessment of upper respiratory tract and ocular irritative effects of volatile chemicals in humans","volume":"34","author":"Doty","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.117862","article-title":"Pollutants emitted from typical Chinese vessels: Potential contributions to ozone and secondary organic aerosols","volume":"238","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.06.131","article-title":"Removal of VOCs from waste gases using various thermal oxidizers: A comparative study based on life cycle assessment and cost analysis in China","volume":"233","author":"Tomatis","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasanthy, M., Sivasankar, V., and Sunitha, T.G. (2022). Organic Pollutants: Toxicity and Solutions, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-72441-2"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2012.155","article-title":"Synthesis of 9-amino(9-deoxy)epi cinchona alkaloids, general chiral organocatalysts for the stereoselective functionalization of carbonyl compounds","volume":"8","author":"Cassani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2019.101895","article-title":"On the nature of airborne aldehydes in a middle eastern megacity: Tehran, Iran","volume":"53","author":"Nabizadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1","article-title":"An Overview on Common Organic Solvents and Their Toxicity","volume":"28","author":"Adhikari","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Todd, G.D., and Melia, J. (2019). Toxicological Profile for 2-Butanone: Draft for Public Comment, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.01.058","article-title":"Atmospheric amines\u2014Part III: Photochemistry and toxicity","volume":"71","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2010.10.012","article-title":"Atmospheric amines\u2014Part I. A review","volume":"45","author":"Ge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111474","article-title":"Investigation of health risk assessment and odor pollution of volatile organic compounds from industrial activities in the Yangtze River Delta region, China","volume":"208","author":"Jia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.02.012","article-title":"Sulfuric odorous compounds emitted from pig-feeding operations","volume":"41","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"130","article-title":"Odor management in swine finishing operations: Cost effectiveness","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Food Agric. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105261","article-title":"Measurements techniques and models to assess odor annoyance: A review","volume":"134","author":"Conti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2015.11.0643","article-title":"Aromatic VOCs at Major Road Junctions of a Metropolis in India: Measurements Using TD-GC-FID and PTR-TOF-MS Instruments","volume":"16","author":"Sahu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aerosol. Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.08.048","article-title":"Spatial and seasonal variation and source apportionment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a heavily industrialized region","volume":"98","author":"Dumanoglu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2018.06.009","article-title":"Urban residential indoor volatile organic compounds in summer, Beijing: Profile, concentration and source characterization","volume":"188","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2017.04.035","article-title":"Effect of traffic restriction on reducing ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs): Observation-based evaluation during a traffic restriction drill in Guangzhou, China","volume":"161","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8129","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-8129-2017","article-title":"Source apportionment of NMVOCs in the Kathmandu Valley during the SusKat-ABC international field campaign using positive matrix factorization","volume":"17","author":"Sarkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8801","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-8801-2019","article-title":"Contributions of different anthropogenic volatile organic compound sources to ozone formation at a receptor site in the Pearl River Delta region and its policy implications","volume":"19","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18087","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-18087-2021","article-title":"Measurement report: High contributions of halocarbon and aromatic compounds to atmospheric volatile organic compounds in an industrial area","volume":"21","author":"Mozaffar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3905","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-3905-2020","article-title":"Sources of volatile organic compounds and policy implications for regional ozone pollution control in an urban location of Nanjing, East China","volume":"20","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4605","DOI":"10.1021\/cr0206420","article-title":"Atmospheric degradation of volatile organic compounds","volume":"103","author":"Atkinson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3979","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-3979-2016","article-title":"Overview of VOC emissions and chemistry from PTR-TOF-MS measurements during the SusKat-ABC campaign: High acetaldehyde, isoprene and isocyanic acid in wintertime air of the Kathmandu Valley","volume":"16","author":"Sarkar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(99)00457-4","article-title":"Ozone process insights from field experiments-part II: Observation-based analysis for ozone production","volume":"34","author":"Kleinman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.1995.10467356","article-title":"An observation-based model for analyzing ozone precursor relationships in the urban atmosphere","volume":"45","author":"Cardelino","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3277","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-3277-2009","article-title":"Multi-\u2212scale model analysis of boundary layer ozone over East Asia","volume":"9","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1080\/1073161X.1994.10467290","article-title":"Development of Ozone Reactivity Scales for Volatile Organic Compounds","volume":"44","author":"Carter","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2010.01.026","article-title":"Development of the SAPRC-07 chemical mechanism","volume":"44","author":"Carter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210239","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.210239","article-title":"Characteristics of VOCs and their Potentials for O3 and SOA Formation in a Medium-sized City in Eastern China","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aerosol. Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11931","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-22-11931-2022","article-title":"Measurement report: Ambient volatile organic compound (VOC) pollution in urban Beijing: Characteristics, sources, and implications for pollution control","volume":"22","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2016.05.036","article-title":"Ambient volatile organic compounds pollution in China","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.029","article-title":"VOC characteristics, sources and contributions to SOA formation during haze events in Wuhan, Central China","volume":"650","author":"Hui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.04.013","article-title":"Secondary organic aerosol formation from a large number of reactive man-made organic compounds","volume":"408","author":"Derwent","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.06.060","article-title":"VOC characteristics, emissions and contributions to SOA formation during hazy episodes","volume":"141","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15239","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-15239-2021","article-title":"Characterization of ambient volatile organic compounds, source apportionment, and the ozone\u2013NOx\u2013VOC sensitivities in a heavily polluted megacity of central China: Effect of sporting events and","volume":"21","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147956","article-title":"Compositions, sources, and potential health risks of volatile organic compounds in the heavily polluted rural North China Plain during the heating season","volume":"789","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150283","article-title":"Atmospheric volatile halogenated hydrocarbons in air pollution episodes in an urban area of Beijing: Characterization, health risk assessment and sources apportionment","volume":"806","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD029269","article-title":"The Effects of PM2.5 Concentrations and Relative Humidity on Atmospheric Visibility in Beijing","volume":"124","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s40726-019-00124-5","article-title":"Interaction Between Planetary Boundary Layer and PM2.5 Pollution in Megacities in China: A Review","volume":"5","author":"Miao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Pollut. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(11)60735-3","article-title":"Levels, sources and health risks of carbonyls and BTEX in the ambient air of Beijing, China","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128025","article-title":"Source apportionments of atmospheric volatile organic compounds in Nanjing, China during high ozone pollution season","volume":"263","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"2565","article-title":"Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric VOCs in the Nanjing Industrial Area in Autumn","volume":"41","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Huan Jing Ke Xue"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.10.081","article-title":"Ozone pollution in China: A review of concentrations, meteorological influences, chemical precursors, and effects","volume":"575","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-617-2019","article-title":"Characterization of VOCs and their related atmospheric processes in a central Chinese city during severe ozone pollution periods","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143823","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on ambient levels and sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Nanjing, China","volume":"757","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Yan, Y., Duan, X., Chai, J., Li, R., Xu, Y., Li, Z., and Peng, L. (2022). Sources and Seasonal Variance of Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds in the Typical Industrial City of Changzhi, Northern China. Atmosphere, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos13030393"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"4901","article-title":"Pollution Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of VOCs in Areas Surrounding a Petrochemical Park in Shanghai","volume":"39","author":"Sheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Huan Jing Ke Xue"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2019.116843","article-title":"Pollution profiles of volatile organic compounds from different urban functional areas in Guangzhou China based on GC\/MS and PTR-TOF-MS: Atmospheric environmental implications","volume":"214","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"386","article-title":"Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere and ozone generation potential in Chengdu","volume":"35","author":"Ying","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Circumstantiae"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2020.10.005","article-title":"Source apportionment of VOCs in a typical medium-sized city in North China Plain and implications on control policy","volume":"107","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. (China)"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109478","article-title":"Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics and source origins of volatile organic compounds in a megacity of Sichuan Basin, China","volume":"185","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.05.043","article-title":"Assessment of vehicular and non-vehicular contributions to hydrocarbons using exclusive vehicular indicators","volume":"40","author":"Chang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9091","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900429","article-title":"Airborne measurements of isoprene, CO, and anthropogenic hydrocarbons and their implications","volume":"105","author":"Goldan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4567","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-4567-2018","article-title":"Monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from an oil and gas station in northwest China for 1 year","volume":"18","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.01.026","article-title":"Concentration, ozone formation potential and source analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a thermal power station centralized area: A study in Shuozhou, China","volume":"223","author":"Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.09.096","article-title":"Distribution of VOCs in urban and rural atmospheres of subtropical India: Temporal variation, source attribution, ratios, OFP and risk assessment","volume":"613\u2013614","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(97)00430-5","article-title":"Quasi-continuous measurements of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) in the Greater Athens area during medcaphot-trace","volume":"32","author":"Fabian","year":"1998","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1021\/es0108077","article-title":"Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources. 5. C1-C32 organic compounds from gasoline-powered motor vehicles","volume":"36","author":"Schauer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(01)00777-X","article-title":"Atmospheric volatile organic compound measurements during the 1996 Paso del Norte Ozone Study","volume":"276","author":"Seila","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.02.027","article-title":"Source apportionment of ambient volatile organic compounds in the Pearl River Delta, China: Part II","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.07.072","article-title":"Characterization and source apportionment of volatile organic compounds based on 1-year of observational data in Tianjin, China","volume":"218","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.06.029","article-title":"Species profiles and normalized reactivity of volatile organic compounds from gasoline evaporation in China","volume":"79","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Deichao, J. (2015). Analysis of Urban Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Pollution Characteristics and Sources. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Shandong Jianzhu University]."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"314","article-title":"VOCs composition spectrum and ozone generation potential in typical organic solvent-using industries","volume":"17","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Saf. Environ."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-014-0263-x","article-title":"Seasonal and diurnal variations of BTEX and their potential for ozone formation in the urban background atmosphere of the coastal city Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","volume":"7","author":"Alghamdi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Air Qual., Atmos. Health"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2018.08.042","article-title":"Characteristics, source apportionment and contribution of VOCs to ozone formation in Wuhan, Central China","volume":"192","author":"Hui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-011-2086-7","article-title":"Characterizations of volatile organic compounds during high ozone episodes in Beijing, China","volume":"184","author":"An","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2015.10.050","article-title":"Investigating the differences between receptor and dispersion modeling for concentration prediction and health risk assessment of volatile organic compounds from petrochemical industrial complexes","volume":"166","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"4382","article-title":"Raw Materials and End Treatment-based Emission Factors for Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from Typical Solvent Use Sources","volume":"40","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Huan Jing Ke Xue"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2011.03.008","article-title":"Quantification of VOC emission rates from the biosphere","volume":"30","author":"Hewitt","year":"2011","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2020.11.023","article-title":"Significant contribution of spring northwest transport to volatile organic compounds in Beijing","volume":"104","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8405","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900053","article-title":"Anthropogenic emissions of trichloromethane (chloroform, CHCl3) and chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22): Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory","volume":"104","author":"Aucott","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105344","article-title":"Source apportionment of volatile organic compounds: Implications to reactivity, ozone formation, and secondary organic aerosol potential","volume":"249","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146802","article-title":"Characteristics and sources of non-methane VOCs and their roles in SOA formation during autumn in a central Chinese city","volume":"782","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.133889","article-title":"Ambient volatile organic compounds in a suburban site between Beijing and Tianjin: Concentration levels, source apportionment and health risk assessment","volume":"695","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.11.091","article-title":"Emission characteristics of 99 NMVOCs in different seasonal days and the relationship with air quality parameters in Beijing, China","volume":"169","author":"Gu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2018.05.027","article-title":"Estimation of biogenic VOC emissions and its impact on ozone formation over the Yangtze River Delta region, China","volume":"186","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113599","article-title":"Characterization and sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their related changes during ozone pollution days in 2016 in Beijing, China","volume":"257","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"3463","article-title":"Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Volatile Organic Compounds in August in the Chang-Zhu-Tan Urban Area","volume":"43","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Huan Jing Ke Xue"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.02.010","article-title":"Spatiotemporal variations of ambient volatile organic compounds and their sources in Chongqing, a mountainous megacity in China","volume":"627","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"4497","article-title":"Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in a Typical Industrial Area in Dongguan During Periods of Ozone and Non-ozone Pollution in Summer","volume":"43","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Huan Jing Ke Xue"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, C., Wang, L., Zhang, Y., Zheng, S., and Tang, L. (2021). Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics and Source Apportionment of VOCs in Lianyungang City in 2018. Atmosphere, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos12121598"}],"container-title":["Toxics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/10\/12\/722\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:26:13Z","timestamp":1760145973000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/10\/12\/722"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["toxics10120722"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics10120722","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6304"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2305-6304","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]}}}