{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:34:42Z","timestamp":1790775282583,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":167,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education and Science","award":["BK-284\/RIE7\/2022 (08\/070\/bk_22\/0012)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK-284\/RIE7\/2022 (08\/070\/bk_22\/0012)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Skin sensitization is a term used to refer to the regulatory hazard known as allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in humans or contact hypersensitivity in rodents, an important health endpoint considered in chemical hazard and risk assessments. Information on skin sensitization potential is required in various regulatory frameworks, such as the Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals (REACH). The identification of skin-sensitizing chemicals previously required the use of animal testing, which is now being replaced by alternative methods. Alternative methods in the field of skin sensitization are based on the measurement or prediction of key events (KE), i.e., (i) the molecular triggering event, i.e., the covalent binding of electrophilic substances to nucleophilic centers in skin proteins; (ii) the activation of keratinocytes; (iii) the activation of dendritic cells; (iv) the proliferation of T cells. This review article focuses on the current state of knowledge regarding the methods corresponding to each of the key events in skin sensitization and considers the latest trends in the development and modification of these methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10120740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T07:10:27Z","timestamp":1669792227000},"page":"740","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Alternative Methods for Skin-Sensitization Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Dominika","family":"G\u0105darowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"},{"name":"\u0141ukasiewicz Research Network\u2014Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry Branch Pszczyna, Do\u015bwiadczalna 27, 43-200 Pszczyna, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Kalka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Daniel-W\u00f3jcik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u0141ukasiewicz Research Network\u2014Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry Branch Pszczyna, Do\u015bwiadczalna 27, 43-200 Pszczyna, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2141-1381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inga","family":"Mrzyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u0141ukasiewicz Research Network\u2014Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry Branch Pszczyna, Do\u015bwiadczalna 27, 43-200 Pszczyna, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-011-0846-8","article-title":"Allergic contact dermatitis: Epidemiology, molecular mechanisms, in vitro methods and regulatory aspects","volume":"69","author":"Peiser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell. 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