{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T05:04:02Z","timestamp":1787979842985,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["1UG3OD023271-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1UG3OD023271-01"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["4UH3OD023271-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4UH3OD023271-03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The association between prenatal phthalate exposure and late preterm birth (LPTB) is unclear. We examined singleton pregnancies (2006\u20132011) from a racially and socioeconomically diverse sample of women in the CANDLE cohort of the ECHO-PATHWAYS Consortium. Urine collected in the second and third trimester was analyzed for 14 phthalate metabolites. Multivariate logistic and linear regressions were performed for LPTB, defined as delivery 34\u201337 weeks, and gestational week, respectively. Models were controlled for socio-demographics, behavioral factors, clinical measurements, medical history, and phthalates in the other trimester. Effect modification by race and pregnancy stress, indicated by intimate partner violence (IPV), was investigated. We conducted a secondary analysis in women with spontaneous preterm labor. The rate of LPTB among 1408 women (61% Black, 32% White) was 6.7%. There was no evidence of decreased gestational age (GA) in association with any phthalate metabolite. Each two-fold increase in third trimester mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) was associated with 0.08 weeks longer gestational age (95% CI: 0.03, 0.12). When restricting to women with spontaneous labor, second trimester mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) was associated with 54% higher odds (95% CI: 2%, 132%) of LPTB. Associations were not modified by maternal race or IPV exposure. In conclusion, we observed mixed evidence concerning our hypothesis that prenatal phthalate exposure increases risk of LPTB, though secondary analyses suggest increased risk of spontaneous LPTB associated with MBP, which is consistent with a recent pooled analysis of 16 cohorts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10120754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T06:29:09Z","timestamp":1670221749000},"page":"754","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Associations between Phthalate Exposure and Gestational Age at Delivery in a Diverse Pregnancy Cohort"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0797-3994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Sienas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest Perinatal Associates, Portland, OR 97225, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Albright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6552-898X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Szpiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole R.","family":"Bush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Loftus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurunthachalam","family":"Kannan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances","family":"Tylavsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4683-2270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine J.","family":"Karr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaja Z.","family":"LeWinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheela","family":"Sathyanarayana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"},{"name":"Seattle Children\u2019s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.3699","article-title":"Environmental Phthalate Exposure and Preterm Birth","volume":"168","author":"Ferguson","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2021). 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