{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T17:38:30Z","timestamp":1790357910023,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deputyship for Research &amp; Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia","award":["IFPIP: 1620-141-1442"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IFPIP: 1620-141-1442"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Organotin compounds (OTCs) are a commercially important group of organometallic compounds of tin used globally as polyvinyl chloride stabilizers and marine antifouling biocides. Worldwide use of OTCs has resulted in their ubiquitous presence in ecosystems across all the continents. OTCs have metabolic and endocrine disrupting effects in marine and terrestrial organisms. Thus, harmful OTCs (tributyltin) have been banned by the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Antifouling Systems since 2008. However, continued manufacturing by non-member countries poses a substantial risk for animal and human health. In this study, structural binding of common commercial OTCs, tributyltin (TBT), dibutyltin (DBT), monobutyltin (MBT), triphenyltin (TPT), diphenyltin (DPT), monophenyltin (MPT), and azocyclotin (ACT) against sex-steroid nuclear receptors, androgen receptor (AR), and estrogen receptors (ER\u03b1, ER\u03b2) was performed using molecular docking and MD simulation. TBT, DBT, DPT, and MPT bound deep within the binding sites of AR, ER\u03b1, and Er\u03b2, showing good dock score, binding energy and dissociation constants that were comparable to bound native ligands, testosterone and estradiol. The stability of docking complex was shown by MD simulation of organotin\/receptor complex with RMSD, RMSF, Rg, and SASA plots showing stable interaction, low deviation, and compactness of the complex. A high commonality (50\u2013100%) of interacting residues of ER\u03b1 and ER\u03b2 for the docked ligands and bound native ligand (estradiol) indicated that the organotin compounds bound in the same binding site of the receptor as the native ligand. The results suggested that organotins may interfere with the natural steroid\/receptor binding and perturb steroid signaling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11010025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T03:05:56Z","timestamp":1672110356000},"page":"25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Organotin Antifouling Compounds and Sex-Steroid Nuclear Receptor Perturbation: Some Structural Insights"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8495-4738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd A.","family":"Beg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Biology Laboratory, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7555-1822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md A.","family":"Beg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi 110025, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ummer R.","family":"Zargar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Government Degree College, Anantnag 192101, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ishfaq A.","family":"Sheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Biology Laboratory, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osama S.","family":"Bajouh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21859, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adel M.","family":"Abuzenadah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd","family":"Rehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00366","article-title":"Organotins in Neuronal damage, brain function, and behavior: A short review","volume":"8","author":"Lima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. 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