{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T12:02:29Z","timestamp":1788436949344,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institutional Fund Projects","award":["IFPIP:1544-141-1443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IFPIP:1544-141-1443"]}]},{"name":"inistry of Education and King Abdulaziz University, DSR, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","award":["IFPIP:1544-141-1443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IFPIP:1544-141-1443"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During the COVID-19 pandemic, governments in many countries worldwide, including India, imposed several restriction measures, including lockdowns, to prevent the spread of the infection. COVID-19 lockdowns led to a reduction in gaseous and particulate pollutants in ambient air. In the present study, we investigated the substantial changes in selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) after the outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic and associations with health risk assessments in industrial areas. VOC data from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2021 were collected from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) website, to identify percentage changes in VOC levels before, during, and after COVID-19. The mean TVOC levels at all monitoring stations were 47.22 \u00b1 30.15, 37.19 \u00b1 37.19, and 32.81 \u00b1 32.81 \u00b5g\/m3 for 2019, 2020, and 2021, respectively. As a result, the TVOC levels gradually declined in consecutive years due to the pandemic in India. The mean TVOC levels at all monitoring stations declined from 9 to 61% during the pandemic period as compared with the pre-pandemic period. In the current study, the T\/B ratio values ranged from 2.16 (PG) to 26.38 (NL), which indicated that the major pollutant contributors were traffic and non-traffic sources during the pre-pandemic period. The present findings indicated that TVOC levels had positive but low correlations with SR, BP, RF, and WD, with correlation coefficients (r) of 0.034, 0.118, 0.012, and 0.007, respectively, whereas negative correlations were observed with AT and WS, with correlation coefficients (r) of \u22120.168 and \u22120.150, respectively. The lifetime cancer risk (LCR) value for benzene was reported to be higher in children, followed by females and males, for the pre-pandemic, pandemic, and post-pandemic periods. A nationwide scale-up of this study\u2019s findings might be useful in formulating future air pollution reduction policies associated with a reduction in health risk factors. Furthermore, the present study provides baseline data for future studies on the impacts of anthropogenic activities on the air quality of a region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11020165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T01:35:29Z","timestamp":1675992929000},"page":"165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Substantial Changes in Selected Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Associations with Health Risk Assessments in Industrial Areas during the COVID-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Bhupendra","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Studies, Deshbadhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110019, India"},{"name":"Delhi School of Climate Change and Sustainability (Institute of Eminence), University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0663-0324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sayed","family":"Sohrab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7874-7890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Athar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology Unit, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9130-4031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thamir","family":"Alandijany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saumya","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110019, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arathi","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110019, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sweety","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110019, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kriti","family":"Mehra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, Deshbadhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110019, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khyati","family":"Chowdhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, Deshbadhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110019, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shakilur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110019, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1736-181X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esam","family":"Azhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s42399-020-00274-4","article-title":"Air pollution and the novel COVID-19 disease: A putative disease risk factor","volume":"2","author":"Martelletti","year":"2020","journal-title":"SN Compr. 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