{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T12:15:18Z","timestamp":1791980118597,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":341,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chromium (Cr) exists in aqueous solution as trivalent (Cr3+) and hexavalent (Cr6+) forms. Cr3+ is an essential trace element while Cr6+ is a dangerous and carcinogenic element, which is of great concern globally due to its extensive applications in various industrial processes such as textiles, manufacturing of inks, dyes, paints, and pigments, electroplating, stainless steel, leather, tanning, and wood preservation, among others. Cr3+ in wastewater can be transformed into Cr6+ when it enters the environment. Therefore, research on Cr remediation from water has attracted much attention recently. A number of methods such as adsorption, electrochemical treatment, physico-chemical methods, biological removal, and membrane filtration have been devised for efficient Cr removal from water. This review comprehensively demonstrated the Cr removal technologies in the literature to date. The advantages and disadvantages of Cr removal methods were also described. Future research directions are suggested and provide the application of adsorbents for Cr removal from waters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11030252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T01:35:37Z","timestamp":1678325737000},"page":"252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":142,"title":["A Comprehensive Review of the Current Progress of Chromium Removal Methods from Aqueous Solution"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4927-3830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Monjurul","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anika Amir","family":"Mohana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4741-2507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Aminur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia"},{"name":"Zonal Laboratory, Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE), Jashore 7400, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahbubur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Chattogram 4349, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravi","family":"Naidu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia"},{"name":"CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3426-5221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Mahmudur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia"},{"name":"CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia"},{"name":"Department of General Educational Development, Faculty of Science & Information Technology, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1021\/tx200251t","article-title":"Chromium in drinking water: Sources, metabolism, and cancer risks","volume":"24","author":"Zhitkovich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. 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