{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T18:17:39Z","timestamp":1788545859833,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,19]],"date-time":"2023-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Startup Funds"},{"name":"Cancer Center at Illinois at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alterations of the normal gut microbiota can cause various human health concerns. Environmental chemicals are one of the drivers of such disturbances. The aim of our study was to examine the effects of exposure to perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)\u2014specifically, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(heptafluoropropoxy) propanoic acid (GenX)\u2014on the microbiome of the small intestine and colon, as well as on liver metabolism. Male CD-1 mice were exposed to PFOS and GenX in different concentrations and compared to controls. GenX and PFOS were found to have different effects on the bacterial community in both the small intestine and colon based on 16S rRNA profiles. High GenX doses predominantly led to increases in the abundance of Clostridium sensu stricto, Alistipes, and Ruminococcus, while PFOS generally altered Lactobacillus, Limosilactobacillus, Parabacteroides, Staphylococcus, and Ligilactobacillus. These treatments were associated with alterations in several important microbial metabolic pathways in both the small intestine and colon. Untargeted LC-MS\/MS metabolomic analysis of the liver, small intestine, and colon yielded a set of compounds significantly altered by PFOS and GenX. In the liver, these metabolites were associated with the important host metabolic pathways implicated in the synthesis of lipids, steroidogenesis, and in the metabolism of amino acids, nitrogen, and bile acids. Collectively, our results suggest that PFOS and GenX exposure can cause major perturbations in the gastrointestinal tract, aggravating microbiome toxicity, hepatotoxicity, and metabolic disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11030281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T03:30:31Z","timestamp":1679283031000},"page":"281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Gut Microbiome-Host Metabolome Homeostasis upon Exposure to PFOS and GenX in Male Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3026-0626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faizan","family":"Rashid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"},{"name":"Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4844-6795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronika","family":"Dubinkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"},{"name":"Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergei","family":"Maslov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"},{"name":"Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0630-1520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph Maria Kumar","family":"Irudayaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"},{"name":"Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"},{"name":"Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"},{"name":"Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.017","article-title":"Ecological and Evolutionary Forces Shaping Microbial Diversity in the Human Intestine","volume":"124","author":"Ley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1038\/4441022a","article-title":"Microbial ecology: Human gut microbes associated with obesity","volume":"444","author":"Ley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2540","article-title":"Unravelling the effects of the environment and host genotype on the gut microbiome","volume":"9","author":"Spor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. 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