{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:51:00Z","timestamp":1790887860391,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":172,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TMSGI3_211325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TMSGI3_211325"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["100275665RA1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100275665RA1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AR20\/10\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR20\/10\/2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19.2036.2-002.00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19.2036.2-002.00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81255032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81255032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TMSGI3_211325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TMSGI3_211325"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["100275665RA1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100275665RA1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AR20\/10\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR20\/10\/2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19.2036.2-002.00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19.2036.2-002.00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81255032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81255032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Senate Research Funding, Department of Research Development, University of the Western Cape","award":["TMSGI3_211325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TMSGI3_211325"]}]},{"name":"Senate Research Funding, Department of Research Development, University of the Western Cape","award":["100275665RA1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100275665RA1"]}]},{"name":"Senate Research Funding, Department of Research Development, University of the Western Cape","award":["AR20\/10\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR20\/10\/2"]}]},{"name":"Senate Research Funding, Department of Research Development, University of the Western Cape","award":["19.2036.2-002.00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19.2036.2-002.00"]}]},{"name":"Senate Research Funding, Department of Research Development, University of the Western Cape","award":["81255032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81255032"]}]},{"name":"Meerwissen project: African penguins and blue economy: Building a foundation to prevent extinction","award":["TMSGI3_211325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TMSGI3_211325"]}]},{"name":"Meerwissen project: African penguins and blue economy: Building a foundation to prevent extinction","award":["100275665RA1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100275665RA1"]}]},{"name":"Meerwissen project: African penguins and blue economy: Building a foundation to prevent extinction","award":["AR20\/10\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR20\/10\/2"]}]},{"name":"Meerwissen project: African penguins and blue economy: Building a foundation to prevent extinction","award":["19.2036.2-002.00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19.2036.2-002.00"]}]},{"name":"Meerwissen project: African penguins and blue economy: Building a foundation to prevent extinction","award":["81255032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81255032"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Approximately 9% of couples are infertile, with half of these cases relating to male factors. While many cases of male infertility are associated with genetic and lifestyle factors, approximately 30% of cases are still idiopathic. Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) denote substances identified in the environment for the first time or detected at low concentrations during water quality analysis. Since CEC production and use have increased in recent decades, CECs are now ubiquitous in surface and groundwater. CECs are increasingly observed in human tissues, and parallel reports indicate that semen quality is continuously declining, supporting the notion that CECs may play a role in infertility. This narrative review focuses on several CECs (including pesticides and pharmaceuticals) detected in the nearshore marine environment of False Bay, Cape Town, South Africa, and deliberates their potential effects on male fertility and the offspring of exposed parents, as well as the use of spermatozoa in toxicological studies. Collective findings report that chronic in vivo exposure to pesticides, including atrazine, simazine, and chlorpyrifos, is likely to be detrimental to the reproduction of many organisms, as well as to sperm performance in vitro. Similarly, exposure to pharmaceuticals such as diclofenac and naproxen impairs sperm motility both in vivo and in vitro. These contaminants are also likely to play a key role in health and disease in offspring sired by parents exposed to CECs. On the other side of the double-edged sword, we propose that due to its sensitivity to environmental conditions, spermatozoa could be used as a bioindicator in eco- and repro-toxicology studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11040330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T02:08:01Z","timestamp":1680228481000},"page":"330","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Male Reproductive Health: Challenging the Future with a Double-Edged Sword"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2151-5850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Marcu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK"},{"name":"Comparative Spermatology Laboratory, Department of Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannen","family":"Keyser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Spermatology Laboratory, Department of Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2049-1551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leslie","family":"Petrik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Nano Sciences Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Fuhrimann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4147-4221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liana","family":"Maree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Spermatology Laboratory, Department of Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.f.1895","article-title":"The biology of infertility: Research advances and clinical challenges","volume":"14","author":"Matzuk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12957","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-1570-9","article-title":"Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819) spermatozoa: Hsp70 expression and protamine-like protein property studies","volume":"25","author":"Piscopo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] (2023, January 23). Contaminants of Emerging Concern Including Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/wqc\/contaminants-emerging-concern-including-pharmaceuticals-and-personal-care-products."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Maldonado, A.J., and Blaney, L. (2020). Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Water and Wastewater, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106616","article-title":"Chemical pollution: A growing peril and potential catastrophic risk to humanity","volume":"1","author":"Naidu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"91","article-title":"Epidemiological analysis of persistent organochlorine contaminants in cetaceans","volume":"Volume 146","author":"Ware","year":"1996","journal-title":"Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5433.1505","article-title":"Emerging marine diseases\u2014Climate links and anthropogenic factors","volume":"285","author":"Harvell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivetti, I., Fraschetti, S., Lionello, P., Zambianchi, E., and Boero, F. (2014). Global warming and mass mortalities of benthic invertebrates in the Mediterranean Sea. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115655"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/146.4.884","article-title":"Association of asthma with use of pesticides","volume":"146","author":"Senthilselvan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1080\/009841096161294","article-title":"Clinical immunotoxicity of pesticides","volume":"48","author":"Vial","year":"1996","journal-title":"Toxicol. Environ. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S58","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03405097","article-title":"Childhood cancer and environmental contaminants","volume":"89","author":"McBride","year":"1998","journal-title":"Can. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1080\/10937400701873274","article-title":"Environmental contaminants and human infertility: Hypothesis or cause for concern?","volume":"11","author":"Foster","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. Environ. Health Sci. Part B"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"299","article-title":"Aspects of environmental pollutants on male fertility and sperm parameters","volume":"8","author":"Nateghian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Treat. Tech."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.17076.1","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding and managing male infertility","volume":"8","author":"Fainberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4103\/jhrs.JHRS_150_18","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in male infertility: An updated review","volume":"12","author":"Alahmar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hum. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12198","article-title":"Chronic exposures and male fertility: The impacts of environment, diet, and drug use on spermatogenesis","volume":"4","author":"Gabrielsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4095","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-11589-z","article-title":"Pollutants and sperm quality: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Pizzol","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"131","article-title":"Male fertility as a marker for health","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Water Quality and Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs)","volume":"Volume 13","author":"Roy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemometrics and Cheminformatics in Aquatic Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-006-0448-8","article-title":"Chemical monitoring and occurrence of alkylphenols, alkylphenol ethoxylates, alcohol ethoxylates, phthalates and benzothiazoles in sewage treatment plants and receiving waters along the Ter River basin (Catalonia, NE Spain)","volume":"385","author":"Lacorte","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-006-9040-6","article-title":"Input and fate of anthropogenic estrogens and gadolinium in surface water and sewage plants in the hydrological basin of Prague (Czech Republic)","volume":"28","author":"Morteani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2008.04.026","article-title":"The occurrence of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, endocrine disruptors and illicit drugs in surface water in South Wales, UK","volume":"42","author":"Dinsdale","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2008.05.030","article-title":"Analysis and occurrence of pharmaceuticals, estrogens, progestogens and polar pesticides in sewage treatment plant effluents, river water and drinking water in the Llobregat river basin (Barcelona, Spain)","volume":"358","author":"Kuster","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2007.09.010","article-title":"Illicit drugs, a novel group of environmental contaminants","volume":"42","author":"Zuccato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1021\/es801845a","article-title":"Pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds in US drinking water","volume":"43","author":"Benotti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140346","article-title":"Presence and risk assessment of herbicides in the marine environment of Camps Bay (Cape Town, South Africa)","volume":"738","author":"Ojemaye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146057","article-title":"Herbicides in Camps Bay (Cape Town, South Africa), supplemented","volume":"778","author":"Ojemaye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5053","article-title":"Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the marine environment around False Bay, Cape Town, South Africa: Occurrence and risk\u2014Assessment study","volume":"41","author":"Ojemaye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17159\/sajs.2018\/a0244C","article-title":"Desalination and seawater quality at Green Point, Cape Town: A study on the effects of marine sewage outfalls","volume":"113","author":"Petrik","year":"2017","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wroa.2019.100039","article-title":"Temporal variation of pesticide mixtures in rivers of three agricultural watersheds during a major drought in the Western Cape, South Africa","volume":"6","author":"Curchod","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res. X"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159784","article-title":"Seasonal drivers and risks of aquatic pesticide pollution in drought and post-drought conditions in three Mediterranean watersheds","volume":"858","author":"Chow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152330","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of multiple pesticides in silicone wristbands of children\/guardian pairs living in agricultural areas in South Africa","volume":"812","author":"Fuhrimann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.133162","article-title":"Seasonal variations in air concentrations of 27 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and 25 current-use pesticides (CUPs) across three agricultural areas of South Africa","volume":"289","author":"Veludo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Degrendele, C., Proke\u0161, R., \u0160enk, P., J\u00edlkov\u00e1, S.R., Kohoutek, J., Melymuk, L., P\u0159ibylov\u00e1, P., Dalvie, M.A., R\u00f6\u00f6sli, M., and Kl\u00e1nov\u00e1, J. (2022). Human exposure to pesticides in dust from two agricultural sites in South Africa. Toxics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10100629"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127333","article-title":"Qualitative assessment of 27 current-use pesticides in air at 20 sampling sites across Africa","volume":"258","author":"Fuhrimann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.09.238","article-title":"The occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern in Slovenian and Croatian wastewaters and receiving Sava River","volume":"650","author":"Ahel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.109752","article-title":"Occurrence and treatment of contaminants of emerging concern in the African aquatic environment: Literature review and a look ahead","volume":"254","author":"Okoth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4290","article-title":"Critical review: Grand challenges in assessing the adverse effects of contaminants of emerging concern on aquatic food webs. Environ","volume":"38","author":"Nilsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-017-6097-x","article-title":"Contaminants of emerging concern: A review of new approach in AOP technologies","volume":"189","author":"Salimi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.12.366","article-title":"Contaminants of emerging concern in freshwater fish from four Spanish Rivers","volume":"659","author":"Pico","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.224","article-title":"Uptake and accumulation of emerging contaminants in soil and plant treated with wastewater under real-world environmental conditions in the Al Hayer area (Saudi Arabia)","volume":"652","author":"Alfarhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-018-0734-7","article-title":"Bioaccumulation of non-essential hazardous heavy metals and metalloids in freshwater fish. Risk to human health","volume":"16","author":"Ali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.3221","article-title":"Bioaccumulation of human pharmaceuticals in fish across habitats of a tidally influenced urban bayou","volume":"35","author":"Du","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/0742-8413(93)90071-R","article-title":"Bioaccumulative potential and toxicity of endosulfan insecticide to non-target animals","volume":"105","author":"Naqvi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part\u2014C Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diamond, K.M., Good, C.J., Johnny, N., Sakihara, T.S., Edmiston, P.L., Faust, J.A., Schoenfuss, T.C., Rubin, A.M., Blob, R.W., and Schoenfuss, H.L. (2022). Assessing Occurrence and Biological Consequences of Contaminants of Emerging Concern on Oceanic Islands. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14030275"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.06.011","article-title":"Environmental contaminants of emerging concern in seafood\u2013European database on contaminant levels","volume":"143","author":"Vandermeersch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136098","article-title":"Evaluating exposures of bay mussels (Mytilus trossulus) to contaminants of emerging concern through environmental sampling and hydrodynamic modeling","volume":"709","author":"James","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.01.088","article-title":"Contaminants of emerging concern in a large temperate estuary","volume":"213","author":"Meador","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.07.036","article-title":"Removal of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and antibiotic resistant bacteria in urban wastewater using UVA\/TiO2\/H2O2 photocatalysis","volume":"210","author":"Ferreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.15690\/vramn.v70.i5.1445","article-title":"Causes and factors of male infertility","volume":"70","author":"Kolesnikova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Russ. Acad. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6908458","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6908458","article-title":"Influence of Lifestyle and Environmental Factors on Semen Quality in Ghanaian Men","volume":"2020","author":"Blay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.12.033","article-title":"Science linking environmental contaminant exposures with fertility and reproductive health impacts in the adult male","volume":"89","author":"Hauser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13646","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13646","article-title":"Environmental contaminants and male infertility: Effects and mechanisms","volume":"53","author":"Selvaraju","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.580124","article-title":"Chronic atrazine exposure beginning prenatally impacts liver function and sperm concentration with multi-generational consequences in mice","volume":"11","author":"Harper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2019.08.026","article-title":"Effect of the herbicide atrazine and its major metabolite, DACT, on bovine sperm cryotolerance","volume":"140","author":"Zubov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2021.152761","article-title":"Atrazine impairs testicular function in BalB\/c mice by affecting Leydig cells","volume":"455","author":"Abarikwu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2924","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-0657-z","article-title":"Low atrazine dosages reduce sperm quality of Calomys laucha mice","volume":"25","author":"Saalfeld","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109785","article-title":"Chlorpyrifos inhibits sperm maturation and induces a decrease in mouse male fertility","volume":"188","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2021.103724","article-title":"Testicular deficiency associated with exposure to cypermethrin, imidacloprid, and chlorpyrifos in adult rats","volume":"87","author":"Mosallam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-021-02704-3","article-title":"The reproductive injury and oxidative testicular toxicity induced by chlorpyrifos can be restored by zinc in male rats","volume":"200","author":"Khalaf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"319","article-title":"Effect of chlorpyrifos on sperm characteristics and testicular tissue changes in adult male rats","volume":"8","author":"Babazadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Forum."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000117","DOI":"10.4172\/2161-0525.1000117","article-title":"Genomic damage in human sperm cells exposed in vitro to environmental pollutants","volume":"2","author":"Rocco","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Environ. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-1-74","article-title":"Prostaglandin levels in seminal plasma and sperm extracts of the domestic turkey, and the effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitors on sperm mobility","volume":"1","author":"Kennedy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Megharbel, S.M., Al-Salmi, F.A., Al-Harthi, S., Alsolami, K., and Hamza, R.Z. (2021). Chitosan\/Selenium Nanoparticles Attenuate Diclofenac Sodium-Induced Testicular Toxicity in Male Rats. Crystals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst11121477"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36133","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-13245-6","article-title":"Effect of ibuprofen in vivo and in vitro on the sperm quality of the striped catfish Pseudoplatystoma magdaleniatum","volume":"28","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327114542886","article-title":"Evaluation of the reproductive toxicity of naproxen sodium and meloxicam in male rats","volume":"34","author":"Uzun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.65.775","article-title":"The effects of lincomycin-spectinomycin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim on hyaluronidase activities and sperm characteristics of rams","volume":"65","author":"Tanyildizi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"93","article-title":"Impact of co-administered lopinavir\/ritonavir and sulfamethoxazole\/trimethoprim on reproductive indices of male albino rats","volume":"2","author":"Oputiri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2014.01.014","article-title":"A multi-biomarker assessment of single and combined effects of norfloxacin and sulfamethoxazole on male goldfish (Carassius auratus)","volume":"102","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1080\/15287399109531536","article-title":"Environmental contaminants and the reproductive success of lake trout in the great lakes: An epidemiological approach","volume":"33","author":"Mac","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health\u2014A Curr. Issues"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-007-0163-z","article-title":"Effects of mercury exposure on the reproductive success of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor)","volume":"17","author":"Brasso","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.117470","article-title":"Systematic review of reptile reproductive toxicology to inform future research directions on endangered or threatened species, such as sea turtles","volume":"286","author":"Barraza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.02.017","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to an environmentally relevant phthalate mixture disrupts testicular steroidogenesis in adult male mice","volume":"172","author":"Barakat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.103-1519283","article-title":"Reproductive impairment in the Florida panther: Nature or nurture?","volume":"103","author":"Facemire","year":"1995","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.23169","article-title":"Effects of ecosystem stress on reproduction and development","volume":"86","author":"Gallo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1179\/oeh.1999.5.2.116","article-title":"Azoospermia and Oligospermia among a Large Cohort of DBCP Applicators in 12 Countries","volume":"5","author":"Slutsky","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-019-02621-y","article-title":"Herbicides in the tissues and organs of different fish species (Kalk Bay harbour, South Africa): Occurrence, levels and risk assessment","volume":"17","author":"Ojemaye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.21037\/tau-20-685","article-title":"Impact of environmental toxin exposure on male fertility potential","volume":"9","author":"Krzastek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Androl. Urol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_148_19","article-title":"Chronic exposure to organophosphate pesticides as an important challenge in promoting reproductive health: A comparative study","volume":"8","author":"Ranjbar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Educ. Health Promot."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"512","article-title":"Organophosphate pesticides: A general review","volume":"2","author":"Kazemi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"387","article-title":"Pesticides from wastewater treatment plant effluents affect invertebrate communities","volume":"599","author":"Hannemann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonsioroski, A., Mourikes, V.E., and Flaws, J.A. (2020). Endocrine disruptors in water and their effects on the reproductive system. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21061929"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2013.07.012","article-title":"Organochlorine pesticides in fish from Taihu Lake, China, and associated human health risk assessment","volume":"98","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108532","article-title":"Pesticide metabolite concentrations in Queensland pre-schoolers\u2014Exposure trends related to age and sex using urinary biomarkers","volume":"176","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chetty-Mhlanga, S., Basera, W., Fuhrimann, S., Probst-Hensch, N., Delport, S., Mugari, M., van Wyk, J., R\u00f6\u00f6sli, M., and Dalvie, M.A. (2018). A prospective cohort study of school-going children investigating reproductive and neurobehavioral health effects due to environmental pesticide exposure in the Western Cape, South Africa: Study protocol. BMC Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5783-0"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106237","article-title":"Association of activities related to pesticide exposure on headache severity and neurodevelopment of school-children in the rural agricultural farmlands of the Western Cape of South Africa","volume":"146","author":"Fuhrimann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.05.070","article-title":"Agricultural exposures to carbamate herbicides and fungicides and central nervous system tumour incidence in the cohort AGRICAN","volume":"130","author":"Piel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200322","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.200322","article-title":"Brain and testis: More alike than previously thought?","volume":"11","author":"Matos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.4314\/njb.v32i1.8","article-title":"Assessment of Pesticide Residue Levels in Vegetables sold in some Markets in Lagos State, Nigeria","volume":"32","author":"Njoku","year":"2017","journal-title":"Niger. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-016-5169-7","article-title":"Evaluation of pesticide residues of organochlorine in vegetables and fruits in Qatar: Statistical analysis","volume":"188","author":"Ahmad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2017.11.009","article-title":"Cancelling pesticide registrations and revoking tolerances: The case of chlorpyrifos","volume":"57","author":"Centner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2021.153017","article-title":"Environmental and occupational pesticide exposure and human sperm parameters: A Navigation Guide review","volume":"465","author":"Knapke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1080\/15569543.2021.1966637","article-title":"Atrazine neural and reproductive toxicity","volume":"41","author":"Sadeghnia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxin Rev."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.113105","article-title":"Simazine perturbs the maturational competency of mouse oocyte through inducing oxidative stress and DNA damage","volume":"230","author":"Shang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.4236\/jep.2018.91002","article-title":"Adsorption of propazine, simazine and bisphenol A on the surface of nanoparticles of iron oxide nanoparticles of carbon and metallic oxides","volume":"9","author":"Eshete","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, H.O., and Bae, J. (2012). Disturbed relaxin signaling pathway and testicular dysfunction in mouse offspring upon maternal exposure to simazine. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044856"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8526","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-4010-5","article-title":"Leydig cell number and sperm production decrease induced by chronic ametryn exposure: A negative impact on animal reproductive health","volume":"22","author":"Dantas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"159","article-title":"Simazine-induced Alteration of the Expression Levels of Apoptosis-and Steroidogenesis-regulating Genes in Testicular Cells","volume":"15","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113590","article-title":"Chronic health risk comparison between China and Denmark on dietary exposure to chlorpyrifos","volume":"257","author":"Sang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"US EPA (2015). Chlorpyrifos; Tolerance revocations: Proposed rule. Fed. Regist., 80, 69080\u201369110."},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"US EPA (2017). Chlorpyrifos; Order denying PANNA and NRDC\u2019s petition to revoke tolerances. Fed. Regist., 82, 16581\u201316592."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.05.020","article-title":"Chlorpyrifos-induced reproductive toxicity in rats could be partly relieved under high-fat diet","volume":"229","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.01.101","article-title":"The fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), endocrine disrupting contaminants (EDCs), metabolites and illicit drugs in a WWTW and environmental waters","volume":"174","author":"Archer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12625","article-title":"The burden of emerging contaminants upon an Atlantic Ocean marine protected reserve adjacent to Camps Bay, Cape Town, South Africa","volume":"8","author":"Ojemaye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122589","article-title":"Enantiomer-specific bioaccumulation and distribution of chiral pharmaceuticals in a subtropical marine food web","volume":"394","author":"Ruan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.05.091","article-title":"Occurrences, levels and risk assessment studies of emerging pollutants (pharmaceuticals, perfluoroalkyl and endocrine disrupting compounds) in fish samples from Kalk Bay harbour, South Africa","volume":"252","author":"Ojemaye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20130576","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0576","article-title":"Assessing variation in the potential susceptibility of fish to pharmaceuticals, considering evolutionary differences in their physiology and ecology","volume":"369","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.129900","article-title":"Histopathological changes in Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852) ovaries after a chronic exposure to a mixture of the HIV drug nevirapine and the antibiotics sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim","volume":"274","author":"Nibamureke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.pjz\/2018.50.5.sc2","article-title":"Teratogenesis Induced by Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazole in Mice","volume":"50","author":"Arshad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pak. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1999.215.09.1317","article-title":"Measurements of reproductive function in stallions treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and pyrimethamine","volume":"215","author":"Bedford","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.29252\/ijrm.15.10.5","article-title":"Effects of administration of co-trimoxazole and folic acid on sperm quality and histological changes of testes in male rats","volume":"15","author":"Salarkia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Reprod. BioMed."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/13.7.1878","article-title":"Effects of co-trimoxazole, erythromycin, amoxycillin, tetracycline and chloroquine on sperm function in vitro","volume":"13","author":"Hargreaves","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"2020","article-title":"Effect Of Antibiotic Therapy On Sperm Quality","volume":"7","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Mol. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.130688","article-title":"Occurrence and ecotoxicological risk assessment of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in South African aquatic environment: What is known and the missing information?","volume":"280","author":"Madikizela","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2011.12.017","article-title":"Does non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) ibuprofen induce antioxidant stress and endocrine disruption in mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis?","volume":"33","author":"Bebianno","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.04.035","article-title":"Chronic toxicity and endocrine disruption of naproxen in freshwater waterfleas and fish, and steroidogenic alteration using H295R cell assay","volume":"204","author":"Kwak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiwary, E., Hu, M., and Prasain, J.K. (2021). Sperm-Guiding Unconventional Prostaglandins in C. elegans: Synthesis and Signaling. Metabolites, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11120853"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-019-10343-x","article-title":"Naproxen in the environment: Its occurrence, toxicity to nontarget organisms and biodegradation","volume":"104","author":"Guzik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.128710","article-title":"Enhanced adsorption of naproxen from aquatic environments by \u03b2-cyclodextrin-immobilized reduced graphene oxide","volume":"412","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2018.04.002","article-title":"Evaluation of naproxen-induced oxidative stress, hepatotoxicity and in-vivo genotoxicity in male Wistar rats","volume":"8","author":"Ahmad","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2017.1421659","article-title":"Assessment of dose-dependent reproductive toxicity of diclofenac sodium in male rats","volume":"42","author":"Vyas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14021","DOI":"10.1111\/and.14021","article-title":"Effect of diclofenac on semen quality: A review","volume":"53","author":"Banihani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synres.2018.08.001","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids moderate oxidative and proinflammatory events in experimental hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats: Comparison with livolin","volume":"7","author":"Olayaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Synergy"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2019.11.002","article-title":"Eucalyptus Globulus protects against diclofenac sodium induced hepatorenal and testicular toxicity in male rats","volume":"10","author":"Mousa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2013-1122","article-title":"Implications of prenatal steroid perturbations for neurodevelopment, behavior, and autism","volume":"35","author":"Gore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307044","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental disorders and prenatal residential proximity to agricultural pesticides: The charge study","volume":"122","author":"Shelton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1734","article-title":"Elucidating the links between endocrine disruptors and neurodevelopment","volume":"156","author":"Schug","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/s41437-018-0111-0","article-title":"The sperm factor: Paternal impact beyond genes","volume":"121","author":"Immler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.02.005","article-title":"Chromatin modifications and their function","volume":"128","author":"Kouzarides","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2018.00050","article-title":"A decade of exploring the mammalian sperm epigenome: Paternal epigenetic and transgenerational inheritance","volume":"6","author":"Champroux","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"1862","article-title":"Early exposure to paracetamol reduces level of testicular testosterone and changes gonadal expression of genes relevant for steroidogenesis in rats offspring","volume":"45","author":"Wawer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1071\/RD20007","article-title":"Effect of paracetamol treatment on maternal care and reproductive outcomes in female rat offspring","volume":"32","author":"Aleixo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"34","article-title":"The effect of maternal treatment with diclofenac sodium and thymoquinone on testicular parameters in rat offspring","volume":"19","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Int. Androl."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manikkam, M., Guerrero-Bosagna, C., Tracey, R., Haque, M.M., and Skinner, M.K. (2012). Transgenerational Actions of Environmental Compounds on Reproductive Disease and Identification of Epigenetic Biomarkers of Ancestral Exposures. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031901"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McBirney, M., King, S.E., Pappalardo, M., Houser, E., Unkefer, M., Nilsson, E., Sadler-Riggleman, I., Beck, D., Winchester, P., and Skinner, M.K. (2017). Atrazine induced epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of disease, lean phenotype and sperm epimutation pathology biomarkers. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184306"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"047006","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP2307","article-title":"Effects of exposure to acetaminophen and ibuprofen on fetal germ cell development in both sexes in rodent and human using multiple experimental systems","volume":"126","author":"Anderson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/det112","article-title":"Paracetamol, aspirin and indomethacin display endocrine disrupting properties in the adult human testis in vitro","volume":"28","author":"Albert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"288ra80","article-title":"Prolonged exposure to acetaminophen reduces testosterone production by the human fetal testis in a xenograft model","volume":"7","author":"Macdonald","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-017-0376-9","article-title":"Long-term prenatal exposure to paracetamol is associated with DNA methylation differences in children diagnosed with ADHD","volume":"9","author":"Gervin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.112","article-title":"DNA methylation and its basic function","volume":"38","author":"Moore","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.129492","article-title":"Environmental and health impacts of contaminants of emerging concerns: Recent treatment challenges and approaches","volume":"272","author":"Yadav","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warren-Vega, W.M., Campos-Rodr\u00edguez, A., Z\u00e1rate-Guzm\u00e1n, A.I., and Romero-Cano, L.A. (2023). A Current Review of Water Pollutants in American Continent: Trends and Perspectives in Detection, Health Risks, and Treatment Technologies. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20054499"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2020.105882","article-title":"Prospectives and challenges of wastewater treatment technologies to combat contaminants of emerging concerns","volume":"152","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.265","article-title":"Consolidated vs new advanced treatment methods for the removal of contaminants of emerging concern from urban wastewater","volume":"655","author":"Rizzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3277","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.3899","article-title":"Recovery from reproductive and morphological abnormalities in medaka (Oryzias latipes) following a 14-day exposure to diclofenac","volume":"36","author":"Yokota","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1186\/ar1957","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs and reproduction","volume":"8","author":"Khamashta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Res."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lueders, I., Young, D., Maree, L., Van der Horst, G., Luther, I., Botha, S., Tindall, B., Fosgate, G., Ganswindt, A., and Bertschinger, H.J. (2017). Effects of GnRH vaccination in wild and captive African Elephant bulls (Loxodonta africana) on reproductive organs and semen quality. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178270"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2020.08.005","article-title":"Selenium ameliorates ibuprofen induced testicular toxicity by redox regulation: Running head: Se protects against NSAID induced testicular toxicity","volume":"96","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2019.11.008","article-title":"The effect of antioxidants on male factor infertility: The Males, Antioxidants, and Infertility (MOXI) randomized clinical trial","volume":"113","author":"Steiner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"052067","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/677\/5\/052067","article-title":"Bioindication of toxicity and mutagenicity of the environment","volume":"677","author":"Vasilevskaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1080\/21553769.2016.1162753","article-title":"Bioindicators: The natural indicator of environmental pollution","volume":"9","author":"Parmar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2010.05.003","article-title":"Computerized sperm motility analysis in toxicity bioassays: A new approach to pore water quality assessment","volume":"73","author":"Fabbrocini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.736647","article-title":"Using fish spermatozoa in in vitro toxicity tests: A potential toxicology tool","volume":"539","author":"Shaliutina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_154","unstructured":"Jain, A.K., Singh, D., Dubey, K., Maurya, R., Mittal, S., and Pandey, A.K. (2018). In Vitro Toxicol, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14426","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-1613-2","article-title":"Development of an in vitro toxicological test system based on zebrafish (Danio rerio) sperm analysis","volume":"25","author":"Ferincz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-2333(90)90116-B","article-title":"Development of in vitro tests of human sperm function: A diagnostic tool and model system for toxicological analyses","volume":"4","author":"Aitken","year":"1990","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.01.053","article-title":"Importance of sperm density in assessing the toxicity of metals to the fertilization of broadcast spawners","volume":"172","author":"Lockyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2009.12.010","article-title":"Exposure of rainbow trout milt to mercury and cadmium alters sperm motility parameters and reproductive success","volume":"97","author":"Dietrich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2021.108983","article-title":"Aluminum at environmental concentrations affects the sperm quality of the freshwater teleost Astyanax altiparanae: An in vitro study","volume":"243","author":"Branco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2020.06.008","article-title":"Detrimental effects of temephos on male fertility: An in vitro study on a mouse model","volume":"96","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2010.01745.x","article-title":"Effects of heavy metals and pesticides on buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) spermatozoa functions in vitro","volume":"46","author":"Selvaraju","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2006.03.001","article-title":"Effect of two insecticides and two herbicides on the porcine sperm motility patterns using computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) in vitro","volume":"22","author":"Betancourt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2005.09.011","article-title":"Effects of single non-ortho, mono-ortho, and di-ortho chlorinated biphenyls on human sperm functions in vitro","volume":"21","author":"Hagemann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anifandis, G., Amiridis, G., Dafopoulos, K., Daponte, A., Dovolou, E., Gavriil, E., Gorgogietas, V., Kachpani, E., Mamuris, Z., and Messini, C.I. (2017). The in vitro impact of the herbicide roundup on human sperm motility and sperm mitochondria. Toxics, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics6010002"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37031","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-14579-x","article-title":"Semen quality as a potential susceptibility indicator to SARS-CoV-2 insults in polluted areas","volume":"28","author":"Montano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13141","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13141","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of heavy metal effects on sperm function using computer-aided sperm analysis and cytotoxicity assays","volume":"50","author":"Hardneck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14525","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50929-z","article-title":"An in-vitro assay using human spermatozoa to detect toxicity of biologically active substances","volume":"9","author":"Vollmer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.08.022","article-title":"Bee pollen as a bioindicator of environmental pesticide contamination","volume":"163","author":"Queiroz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-42703-8.50012-9","article-title":"Gametophytic Selection as a Factor of Crop Plant Evolution","volume":"Volume 16","author":"Barigozzi","year":"1986","journal-title":"Developments in Agricultural and Managed Forest Ecology"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02441953","article-title":"Pistil strategies controlling pollen tube growth","volume":"9","author":"Herrero","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sex. Plant Reprod."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.09.016","article-title":"Toxicity evaluation of parboiled rice effluent using sperm quality of zebrafish as bioindicator","volume":"61","author":"Gerber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2004). Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome. Nature, 431, 931\u2013945.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03001"}],"container-title":["Toxics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/11\/4\/330\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:07:42Z","timestamp":1760123262000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/11\/4\/330"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"references-count":172,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["toxics11040330"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics11040330","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6304"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2305-6304","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]}}}