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rodents are natural hosts of Leptospira spp. and are exposed to various pesticides, some of which are immunotoxic. Rodent urine is an important source of infection for humans and other animals. We evaluated the effects of pesticide exposure on Leptospira growth in mice. Diazinon, at doses of 0.2, 1, and 5 mg\/kg\/day, was orally administered continuously to mice infected with Leptospira\u00a0interrogans serogroup Hebdomadis for 32 days. The numbers of L. interrogans in urine and kidney tissues were significantly lower in mice exposed to 5 mg\/kg\/day diazinon than in unexposed mice (p &lt; 0.05). The urinary concentration of 2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol, the metabolite of diazinon, was comparable with the concentration at which viability of L.\u00a0interrogans was decreased in in vitro assay, suggesting that it had toxic effects on L. interrogans in the proximal renal tubules. Diazinon exposure reinforced Leptospira-induced expression of inflammatory cytokine genes in kidney tissues, and an enhanced immune system might suppress Leptospira growth. These results suggest that diazinon exposure may not increase the risk of Leptospira transmission to humans through mice. This novel study evaluated the relationship between pesticide exposure and Leptospira infection in mice, and the results could be useful for risk assessment of leptospirosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11040361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T01:33:03Z","timestamp":1681176783000},"page":"361","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of Diazinon Exposure on Urinary Shedding of Leptospira interrogans Serogroup Hebdomadis in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"So","family":"Shinya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Toxicology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5137-2408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Devinda S.","family":"Muthusinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5733-535X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nobuo","family":"Koizumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0062-2753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kumiko","family":"Yoshimatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shouta M. 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