{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T13:03:40Z","timestamp":1793106220193,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81703257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81703257"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFC1600200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC1600200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China","award":["81703257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81703257"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China","award":["2017YFC1600200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC1600200"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nanomaterials are widely employed in everyday life, including food and engineering. Food additives on a nanoscale can enter the body via the digestive tract. The human gut microbiota is a dynamically balanced ecosystem composed of a multitude of microorganisms that play a crucial role in maintaining the proper physiological function of the digestive tract and the body\u2019s endocrine coordination. While the antibacterial capabilities of nanomaterials have received much interest in recent years, their impacts on gut microbiota ought to be cautioned about and explored. Nanomaterials exhibit good antibacterial capabilities in vitro. Animal studies have revealed that oral exposure to nanomaterials inhibits probiotic reproduction, stimulates the inflammatory response of the gut immune system, increases opportunistic infections, and changes the composition and structure of the gut microbiota. This article provides an overview of the impacts of nanomaterials, particularly titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), on the gut microbiota. It advances nanomaterial safety research and offers a scientific foundation for the prevention, control, and treatment of illnesses associated with gut microbiota abnormalities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11040384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T01:36:45Z","timestamp":1681781805000},"page":"384","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Effect of Nanomaterials on Gut Microbiota"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahe","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nairui","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3370-5184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhangjian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3981-7221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guang","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-020-00372-0","article-title":"Nanomaterial-mediated autophagy: Coexisting hazard and health benefits in biomedicine","volume":"17","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2021.105028","article-title":"Nanomaterials: Applications, waste-handling, environmental toxicities, and future challenges\u2014A review","volume":"9","author":"Mazari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-020-0383-9","article-title":"Nanotechnologies in Food Science: Applications, Recent Trends, and Future Perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Nile","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"359","article-title":"Research and Applications on Nanocapsule Technology in Functional Foods","volume":"34","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1166\/sam.2021.3941","article-title":"Encapsulation of Lemongrass Oil for Antimicrobial and Biodegradable Food Packaging Applications","volume":"13","author":"Can","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sender, R., Fuchs, S., and Milo, R. (2016). Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body. PLoS Biol., 14.","DOI":"10.1101\/036103"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-018-2943-4","article-title":"An insight into gut microbiota and its functionalities","volume":"76","author":"Adak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D490","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1178","article-title":"The carbohydrate-active enzymes database (CAZy) in 2013","volume":"42","author":"Lombard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2819","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-27086-x","article-title":"Inhibition of inflammatory microglia by dietary fiber and short-chain fatty acids","volume":"13","author":"Rund","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H.Y., Nam, S., Kim, M.J., Kim, S.J., Back, S.H., and Yoo, H.J. (2021). Butyrate Prevents TGF-beta 1-Induced Alveolar Myofibroblast Differentiation and Modulates Energy Metabolism. Metabolites, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11050258"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14928","article-title":"Enteric short-chain fatty acids promote proliferation of human neural progenitor cells","volume":"154","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boschiero, C., Gao, Y., Vi, R.L.B., Ma, L., Li, C.-j., and Liu, G.E. (2022). Butyrate Induces Modifications of the CTCF-Binding Landscape in Cattle Cells. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12091177"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2022.07.012","article-title":"Dietary butyrate, lauric acid and stearic acid improve gut morphology and epithelial cell turnover in weaned piglets","volume":"11","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2012.08.033","article-title":"The Warburg effect dictates the mechanism of butyrate-mediated histone acetylation and cell proliferation","volume":"48","author":"Donohoe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3169","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.24054","article-title":"Metaboloepigenetics: Interrelationships between energy metabolism and epigenetic control of gene expression","volume":"227","author":"Donohoe","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eckschlager, T., Plch, J., Stiborova, M., and Hrabeta, J. (2017). Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors as Anticancer Drugs. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18071414"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.22472","article-title":"Resistance to butyrate-induced cell differentiation and apoptosis during spontaneous Caco-2 cell differentiation","volume":"120","author":"Mariadason","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.153","article-title":"Diet and host-microbial crosstalk in postnatal intestinal immune homeostasis","volume":"12","author":"Jain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12079","article-title":"Thymus-derived regulatory T cells contribute to tolerance to commensal microbiota","volume":"497","author":"Cebula","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2013.06.004","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immunity in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"13","author":"Geremia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.12.053","article-title":"Cross-differentiation from the CD8 lineage to CD4 T cells in the gut-associated microenvironment with a nonessential role of microbiota","volume":"10","author":"Lui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20090900","article-title":"Interleukin (IL)-23 mediates Toxoplasma gondii-induced immunopathology in the gut via matrixmetalloproteinase-2 and IL-22 but independent of IL-17","volume":"206","author":"Heimesaat","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12204","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909122107","article-title":"Inducible Foxp3+ regulatory T-cell development by a commensal bacterium of the intestinal microbiota","volume":"107","author":"Round","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1206095","article-title":"The Toll-like receptor 2 pathway establishes colonization by a commensal of the human microbiota","volume":"332","author":"Round","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18846","article-title":"Diet-microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism","volume":"535","author":"Sonnenburg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M300120-JLR200","article-title":"Trans10, cis12-conjugated linoleic acid prevents triacylglycerol accumulation in adipocytes by acting as a PPARgamma modulator","volume":"44","author":"Granlund","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3041","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.10.3041","article-title":"Conjugated linoleic acid in humans: Regulation of adiposity and insulin sensitivity","volume":"133","author":"Brown","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-4-3","article-title":"Prolonged treatment of genetically obese mice with conjugated linoleic acid improves glucose tolerance and lowers plasma insulin concentration: Possible involvement of PPAR activation","volume":"4","author":"Wargent","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2015.02.154","article-title":"10-oxo-12(Z)-octadecenoic acid, a linoleic acid metabolite produced by gut lactic acid bacteria, potently activates PPAR\u03b3 and stimulates adipogenesis","volume":"459","author":"Goto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M002774","article-title":"The gut microbiota modulates host energy and lipid metabolism in mice","volume":"51","author":"Velagapudi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2012.06.004","article-title":"Antibacterial properties of nanoparticles","volume":"30","author":"Hajipour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2017.647","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of ZnO-TiO2 nanomaterials synthesized from three different precursors of ZnO: Influence of ZnO\/TiO2 weight ratio","volume":"77","author":"Daou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201400101","article-title":"Insight into the primary mode of action of TiO2 nanoparticles on Escherichia coli in the dark","volume":"15","author":"Sohm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, X., Li, J., Ma, S., Liu, G., Yang, K., Tong, M., and Lin, D. (2014). Toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles to Escherichia coli: Effects of particle size, crystal phase and water chemistry. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110247"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23630","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms161023630","article-title":"Iron Oxide and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle Effects on Plant Performance and Root Associated Microbes","volume":"16","author":"Burke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.11.011","article-title":"Metal oxide nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents: A promise for the future","volume":"49","author":"Raghunath","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2018.11.002","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Coriandrum sativum L.","volume":"12","author":"Ashraf","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2014.08.031","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of the metals and metal oxide nanoparticles","volume":"44","author":"Dizaj","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2018.08.017","article-title":"Oxidative stress caused by TiO(2) nanoparticles under UV irradiation is due to UV irradiation not through nanoparticles","volume":"294","author":"Moriyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2016.02.009","article-title":"Breakthroughs in bacterial resistance mechanisms and the potential ways to combat them","volume":"95","author":"Khameneh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.12.125","article-title":"Anti-bacterial activity of graphene oxide as a new weapon nanomaterial to combat multidrug-resistance bacteria","volume":"74","author":"Yousefi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7736","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR00386F","article-title":"Oral administration of rutile and anatase TiO(2) nanoparticles shifts mouse gut microbiota structure","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9382","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b02391","article-title":"Effect of Long-Term Intake of Dietary Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Intestine Inflammation in Mice","volume":"67","author":"Mu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22398","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NR07580A","article-title":"Effects of oral exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles on gut microbiota and gut-associated metabolism in vivo","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2019.00057","article-title":"Impact of the Food Additive Titanium Dioxide (E171) on Gut Microbiota-Host Interaction","volume":"6","author":"Pinget","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1080\/17435390.2016.1222457","article-title":"Oral intake of added titanium dioxide and its nanofraction from food products, food supplements and toothpaste by the Dutch population","volume":"10","author":"Rompelberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.11.074","article-title":"Dysbiosis of gut microbiota by chronic coexposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles and bisphenol A: Implications for host health in zebrafish","volume":"234","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.05.050","article-title":"Impact of food grade and nano-TiO(2) particles on a human intestinal community","volume":"106","author":"Dudefoi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1080\/10495398.2020.1842751","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and in vitro investigation of their cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli","volume":"33","author":"Albukhaty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2001858","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202001858","article-title":"Foodborne Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Induce Stronger Adverse Effects in Obese Mice than Non-Obese Mice: Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis, Colonic Inflammation, and Proteome Alterations","volume":"16","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-019-0332-2","article-title":"Hepatotoxicity and the role of the gut-liver axis in rats after oral administration of titanium dioxide nanoparticles","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11302","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.7b00161","article-title":"Generation and Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species in Photocatalysis","volume":"117","author":"Nosaka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sulek, A., Pucelik, B., Kobielusz, M., Labuz, P., Dubin, G., and Dabrowski, J.M. (2019). Surface Modification of Nanocrystalline TiO2 Materials with Sulfonated Porphyrins for Visible Light Antimicrobial Therapy. Catalysts, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal9100821"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35243","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35243","article-title":"Toxicity of ZnO and TiO(2) to Escherichia coli cells","volume":"6","author":"Leung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6689","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-019-09918-5","article-title":"Survival of probiotic bacteria in the presence of food grade nanoparticles from chocolates: An in vitro and in vivo study","volume":"103","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.impact.2019.100164","article-title":"Prebiotic protects against anatase titanium dioxide nanoparticles-induced microbiota-mediated colonic barrier defects","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoimpact"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111393","article-title":"Restraining the TiO2 nanoparticles-induced intestinal inflammation mediated by gut microbiota in juvenile rats via ingestion of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG","volume":"206","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3109\/17435390.2014.921346","article-title":"Effects of subchronic exposure of silver nanoparticles on intestinal microbiota and gut-associated immune responses in the ileum of Sprague-Dawley rats","volume":"9","author":"Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.12.129","article-title":"Monitoring the developmental impact of copper and silver nanoparticle exposure in Drosophila and their microbiomes","volume":"487","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2011.20.11.543","article-title":"Silver and nanoparticles of silver in wound dressings: A review of efficacy and safety","volume":"20","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, X., Yahia, L., and Sacher, E. (2021). Antimicrobial Properties of the Ag, Cu Nanoparticle System. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10020137"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s40543-020-00220-y","article-title":"Reactive-oxygen-species-mediated mechanism for photoinduced antibacterial and antiviral activities of Ag(3)PO(4)","volume":"11","author":"Seo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anal. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2008.09.003","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles as a potential antimicrobial additive for weaned pigs","volume":"150","author":"Fondevila","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6553","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b01271","article-title":"Label-Free in Situ Discrimination of Live and Dead Bacteria by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering","volume":"87","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2018.04.093","article-title":"Do physico-chemical properties of silver nanoparticles decide their interaction with biological media and bactericidal action? A review","volume":"90","author":"Pareek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C-Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19002","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c07924","article-title":"Changes in Gut Microbiota Structure: A Potential Pathway for Silver Nanoparticles to Affect the Host Metabolism","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"38","article-title":"Dietary silver nanoparticles can disturb the gut microbiota in mice","volume":"13","author":"Ambroise","year":"2016","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1039\/D2TB02756A","article-title":"Oral administration of silver nanomaterials affects the gut microbiota and metabolic profile altering the secretion of 5-HT in mice","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-022-00459-w","article-title":"Gut microbiome and plasma metabolome changes in rats after oral gavage of nanoparticles: Sensitive indicators of possible adverse health effects","volume":"19","author":"Landsiedel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2822","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02880-0","article-title":"Gut Dysbiosis and Neurobehavioral Alterations in Rats Exposed to Silver Nanoparticles","volume":"7","author":"Javurek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2021.1892546","article-title":"Performance, intestinal microbial population, immune and physiological responses of broiler chickens to diet with different levels of silver nanoparticles coated on zeolite","volume":"20","author":"Bolandi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0063021","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00630-21","article-title":"Resistance and Resilience of Fish Gut Microbiota to Silver Nanoparticles","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121250","article-title":"Evaluation of the gut microbiome alterations in healthy rats after dietary exposure to different synthetic ZnO nanoparticles","volume":"312","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2007.01012.x","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticle suspensions on a broad spectrum of microorganisms","volume":"279","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4927","DOI":"10.1039\/C7NR08499D","article-title":"Unexpected insights into antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)","volume":"10","author":"Kadiyala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2012.01.046","article-title":"Studies on antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles by ROS induced lipid peroxidation","volume":"94","author":"Dutta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-8-27","article-title":"Progressive severe lung injury by zinc oxide nanoparticles; the role of Zn2+ dissolution inside lysosomes","volume":"8","author":"Cho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-018-2532-3","article-title":"Properties of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Activity against Microbes","volume":"13","author":"Siddiqi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoo, A., Lin, M., and Mustapha, A. (2021). Zinc Oxide and Silver Nanoparticle Effects on Intestinal Bacteria. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14102489"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6247","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S262876","article-title":"Enhancing ZnO-NP Antibacterial and Osteogenesis Properties in Orthopedic Applications: A Review","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2019.114312","article-title":"Effects of nano zinc oxide as an alternative to pharmacological dose of zinc oxide on growth performance, diarrhea, immune responses, and intestinal microflora profile in weaned piglets","volume":"258","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.9312","article-title":"Effects of dietary zinc oxide nanoparticles supplementation on growth performance, zinc status, intestinal morphology, microflora population, and immune response in weaned pigs","volume":"99","author":"Pei","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64878","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.17612","article-title":"Dietary ZnO nanoparticles alters intestinal microbiota and inflammation response in weaned piglets","volume":"8","author":"Xia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21429","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NR04563B","article-title":"Crosstalk of gut microbiota and serum\/hippocampus metabolites in neurobehavioral impairments induced by zinc oxide nanoparticles","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00992","article-title":"Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Influence Microflora in Ileal Digesta and Correlate Well with Blood Metabolites","volume":"8","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25869","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-05616-x","article-title":"Effects of food-borne ZnO nanoparticles on intestinal microbiota of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)","volume":"26","author":"Chupani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"051014","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.20.5.051014","article-title":"Antibacterial effect of ultrafine nanodiamond against gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli","volume":"20","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6703","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b01023","article-title":"Super-Cationic Carbon Quantum Dots Synthesized from Spermidine as an Eye Drop Formulation for Topical Treatment of Bacterial Keratitis","volume":"11","author":"Jian","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5731","DOI":"10.1021\/nn101390x","article-title":"Toxicity of graphene and graphene oxide nanowalls against bacteria","volume":"4","author":"Akhavan","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3467","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-017-2532-y","article-title":"Carbon nanotubes as anti-bacterial agents","volume":"74","author":"Mocan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1701313","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201701313","article-title":"Acute Oral Administration of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Increases Intestinal Permeability and Inflammatory Responses: Association with the Changes in Gut Microbiota in Mice","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc Mater."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.02.014","article-title":"Photodynamic antibacterial effect of graphene quantum dots","volume":"35","author":"Ristic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5901","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S37397","article-title":"Oxidative stress-mediated antibacterial activity of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide in Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"7","author":"Gurunathan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12364","DOI":"10.1021\/la3023908","article-title":"Lateral dimension-dependent antibacterial activity of graphene oxide sheets","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12045","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c05330","article-title":"Self-Reporting and Photothermally Enhanced Rapid Bacterial Killing on a Laser-Induced Graphene Mask","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2022.116066","article-title":"Crosstalk between gut microbiota and lung inflammation in murine toxicity models of respiratory exposure or co-exposure to carbon nanotube particles and cigarette smoke extract","volume":"447","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2020.152410","article-title":"Multi-walled carbon nanotubes exacerbate doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by altering gut microbiota and pulmonary and colonic macrophage phenotype in mice","volume":"435","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.impact.2017.07.005","article-title":"The effects of orally administered Ag, TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles on gut microbiota composition and colitis induction in mice","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanoimpact"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2010.00995.x","article-title":"Changes in composition a metabolism of caecal microbiota in rats fed diets supplemented with copper-loaded chitosan nanoparticles","volume":"94","author":"Han","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-012-9410-0","article-title":"Effects of copper-loaded chitosan nanoparticles on intestinal microflora and morphology in weaned piglets","volume":"149","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.129513","article-title":"Nano-Al(2)O(3) particles affect gut microbiome and resistome in an in vitro simulator of the human colon microbial ecosystem","volume":"439","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2021.126897","article-title":"Effects of dietary nano-selenium supplementation on broiler chicken performance, meat selenium content, intestinal microflora, intestinal morphology, and immune response","volume":"69","author":"Afsharmanesh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18109","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-1991-5","article-title":"Intestinal microbiome of broiler chickens after use of nanoparticles and metal salts","volume":"25","author":"Yausheva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."}],"container-title":["Toxics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/11\/4\/384\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:17:40Z","timestamp":1760123860000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/11\/4\/384"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["toxics11040384"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics11040384","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6304"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2305-6304","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]]}}}