{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T06:58:37Z","timestamp":1792133917168,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,30]],"date-time":"2023-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Research &amp; Development project of the Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province","award":["2021C02048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021C02048"]}]},{"name":"Key Research &amp; Development project of the Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province","award":["LY22C030004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY22C030004"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province, China","award":["2021C02048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021C02048"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province, China","award":["LY22C030004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY22C030004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antibiotics are commonly used to prevent and control diseases in aquaculture. However, long-term\/overuse of antibiotics not only leaves residues but results in the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Antibiotics, ARB, and ARGs are widespread in aquaculture ecosystems. However, their impacts and interaction mechanisms in biotic and abiotic media remain to be clarified. In this paper, we summarized the detection methods, present status, and transfer mechanisms of antibiotics, ARB, and ARGs in water, sediment, and aquaculture organisms. Currently, the dominant methods of detecting antibiotics, ARB, and ARGs are UPLC\u2212MS\/MS, 16S rRNA sequencing, and metagenomics, respectively. Tetracyclines, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and sulfonamides are most frequently detected in aquaculture. Generally, antibiotic concentrations and ARG abundance in sediment are much higher than those in water. Yet, no obvious patterns in the category of antibiotics or ARB are present in organisms or the environment. The key mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics in bacteria include reducing the cell membrane permeability, enhancing antibiotic efflux, and structural changes in antibiotic target proteins. Moreover, horizontal transfer is a major pathway for ARGs transfer, including conjugation, transformation, transduction, and vesiculation. Identifying, quantifying, and summarizing the interactions and transmission mechanisms of antibiotics, ARGs, and ARB would provide useful information for future disease diagnosis and scientific management in aquaculture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11050420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T12:12:11Z","timestamp":1682943131000},"page":"420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":207,"title":["A Review of Antibiotics, Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria, and Resistance Genes in Aquaculture: Occurrence, Contamination, and Transmission"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Xia","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Urban Wetlands and Regional Change, Hangzhou 311121, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziqing","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Urban Wetlands and Regional Change, Hangzhou 311121, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Urban Wetlands and Regional Change, Hangzhou 311121, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Urban Wetlands and Regional Change, Hangzhou 311121, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4169-3168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiquan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Urban Wetlands and Regional Change, Hangzhou 311121, China"},{"name":"School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hangjun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Urban Wetlands and Regional Change, Hangzhou 311121, China"},{"name":"School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"800","article-title":"The state of world fisheries and aquaculture (sofia) 2020 report","volume":"16","author":"Wenning","year":"2020","journal-title":"Integr. 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