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This article corresponds to an independent study that answers questions concerning the definition of mine tailings and the socio-environmental risks linked with mine tailings chemical composition by examining the practical experience of industrial-scale copper and gold mining projects in Chile and Peru. Definitions of concepts and analysis of key aspects in the responsible management of mine tailings, such as characterization of metallic\u2013metalloid components, non-metallic components, metallurgical reagents, and risk identification, among others, are presented. Implications of potential environmental impacts from the generation of acid rock drainage (ARD) in mine tailings are discussed. Finally, the article concludes that mine tailings are potentially toxic to both communities and the environment, and cannot be considered as inert and innocuous materials; thus, mine tailings require safe, controlled, and responsible management with the application of the most high management standards, use of the best available technologies (BATs), use of best applicable practices (BAPs), and implementation of the best environmental practices (BEPs) to avoid risk and potential socio-environmental impact due to accidents or failure of tailings storage facilities (TSFs).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11050462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]],"date-time":"2023-05-17T01:58:06Z","timestamp":1684288686000},"page":"462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Socio-Environmental Risks Linked with Mine Tailings Chemical Composition: Promoting Responsible and Safe Mine Tailings Management Considering Copper and Gold Mining Experiences from Chile and Peru"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4281-9036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Cacciuttolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Works and Geology Department, Catholic University of Temuco, Temuco 4780000, Chile"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Conservaci\u00f3n de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile"},{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima 15023, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4262-1505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deyvis","family":"Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa Acad\u00e9mico de Ingenier\u00eda Ambiental, Universidad de Hu\u00e1nuco, Hu\u00e1nuco 10001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1994-010X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Custodio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n de Medicina en Altura y Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Per\u00fa, Av. Mariscal Castilla N\u00b0 3909, Huancayo 12006, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s11157-008-9142-y","article-title":"Sustainability in metal mining: From exploration, over processing to mine waste management","volume":"7","author":"Dold","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cacciuttolo, C., and Atencio, E. (2022). Past, Present, and Future of Copper Mine Tailings Governance in Chile (1905\u20132022): A Review in One of the Leading Mining Countries in the World. Int. J. Environ. Res. 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