{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T17:47:32Z","timestamp":1776102452693,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Humanity has an ancient history of consuming medicinal plants for prophylaxis. Within hours, and even months, embryonic cells undergo several processes to form an organism. This study aimed to prove the positive or negative effects of using rosemary and thyme extract on the thymus gland and level of IL-10, IgM, and IgG in serum of chick embryos. The immunological effect was measured by histological and immunological studies. A total of 160 fertilized eggs were randomly distributed into 8 groups; on the 0 and 8th day of incubation, all treated groups received a dose of 0.1 mL\/egg. On the 14th and 20th days of incubation, the embryos were sacrificed and the samples were collected (serum and thymus gland). The data were analyzed using ANOVA. Simple damage in thymic tissue with a low cell density in the embryos was treated with high concentrations of rosemary and thyme extracts, as well as in the mixed group. A significant decrease in IgM levels in the group treated by a high concentration of thyme. A decrease in IgG levels was found in the group treated with a high concentration of rosemary and in the mixed group, while the group treated with a high concentration of thyme and the mixed group showed decreases on the 14th day. A significant decrease in IL-10 levels was found on the 14th day, followed by an increase on the 20th day. Despite the benefits of rosemary and thyme, inflammation signs appeared on embryos treated with these herbs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11070625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T21:22:58Z","timestamp":1689801778000},"page":"625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Immunological and Histological Studies of Different Concentrations of Rosmarinus officinalis and Thymus vulgaris Extracts on Thymus Gland of Chick Embryos"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Reem Yahya","family":"Alzahri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21493, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6525-4456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fawzyah Abdullah","family":"Al-Ghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21493, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seetah Saleem","family":"Al-Harbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21493, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"434","article-title":"Immune System\u2014Part I Fundamentals of Innate Immunity with Emphasis on Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Inflammatory Response","volume":"50","author":"Catelan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Reumatol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"369","article-title":"Current Status of Thymosin and Other Hormones of the Thymus Gland","volume":"37","author":"Goldstein","year":"1981","journal-title":"Recent Prog. Horm. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deigin, V.I., Vinogradova, Y.E., Vinogradov, D.L., Krasilshchikova, M.S., and Ivanov, V.T. (2021). Thymodepressin\u2014Unforeseen Immunosuppressor. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26216550"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"6","article-title":"Gross Anatomical Studies on the Thymus Gland in Turkeys (Meleagrisgallopavo)","volume":"7","author":"Muthukumaran","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tamilnadu J. Vet. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/58802","article-title":"The Thymus: A Forgotten, but Very Important Organ","volume":"25","author":"Zdrojewicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"169","article-title":"Anatomical and histological study of thymus glands in broiler chick s embryo (Gal Galluslus Domesticus)","volume":"18","author":"Sawad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Basrah J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2019.05.027","article-title":"The Morphological Basis of the Development of the Chick Embryo Immune System","volume":"381","author":"Ribatti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12985","article-title":"The Fibroblast: An Emerging Key Player in Thymic T Cell Selection","volume":"302","author":"Nitta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.25271\/sjuoz.2022.10.2.889","article-title":"Histopathological Effects of Phytoestrogrn (Genistein) on Thymus Gland of Adult and Post-Natal Female Albino Mice","volume":"10","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. J. Univ. Zakho"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.093070","article-title":"Soluble Molecules Are Key in Maintaining the Immunomodulatory Activity of Murine Mesenchymal Stromal Cells","volume":"125","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Mutneja, M. (2014). An Introduction to Antibodies and Their Applications, EMD Millipore. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciobanu, A.M., Dumitru, A.E., Gica, N., Botezatu, R., Peltecu, G., and Panaitescu, A.M. (2020). Benefits and Risks of IgG Transplacental Transfer. Diagnostics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10080583"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(78)90310-8","article-title":"Serum IgG and IgD and Levels in Some Infectious and Noninfectious Diseases","volume":"85","author":"Rostenberg","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1969.tb04753.x","article-title":"Immunoglobulin levels during childhood, with special regard to IgE","volume":"58","author":"Berg","year":"1969","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Burrell, C.J., Howard, C.R., and Murphy, F.A. (2017). Fenner and White\u2019s Medical Virology, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)60479-6","article-title":"Patients with Abnormal IgM Levels: Assessment, Clinical Interpretation, and Treatment","volume":"100","author":"Ochs","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gr\u00e9goire Altan-Bonnet, and Mukherjee, R. (2019). Cytokine-Mediated Communications: A Quantitative Appraisal of Immune Complexity. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 19, 205\u2013217.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0131-x"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Justiz, V.A.A., and Ahmad, Q. (2022, August 22). Interleukin, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK499840\/."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/17.4.1006","article-title":"IL-10 Inhibits Macrophage Activation and Proliferation by Distinct Signaling Mechanisms","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"1998","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cytokines, Inflammation and Pain","volume":"23","author":"Wilson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Natl. Inst. Health"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Bennett, B.C. (2010). Economic Botany: Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), Eolss Publishers."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"15","article-title":"A Review of the Medicinal Plants with Immune-Boosting Potential","volume":"6","author":"Olarewaju","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Econ. Dev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kennedy, D.A., Lupattelli, A., Koren, G., and Nordeng, H. (2013). Herbal Medicine Use in Pregnancy: Results of a Multinational Study. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-13-355"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"135","article-title":"Use of Lipid-Lowering Medicinal Herbs during Pregnancy: A Systematic Review on Safety and Dosage","volume":"13","author":"Heidarian","year":"2017","journal-title":"ARYA Atheroscler."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6935","article-title":"Is It Safe to Consume Traditional Medicinal Plants during Pregnancy?","volume":"35","author":"Bernstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phyther. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200629060-00006","article-title":"Herbal Medicines Used During the First Trimester and Major Congenital Malformations","volume":"29","author":"Chuang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nieto, G. (2017). Biological Activities of Three Essential Oils of the Lamiaceae Family. Medicines, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines4030063"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"15","article-title":"Rosemary Oil vs Minoxidil 2% for the Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia: A Randomized Comparative Trial","volume":"13","author":"Panahi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Skinmed"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2008.10643652","article-title":"Investigation of Extracts from Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) for Application in Cosmetics","volume":"11","author":"Damianova","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil-Bear. Plants"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"179","article-title":"Anti-Hyperglycemic and Anti-Hyperlipidemic Effect of Spices (Thymus vulgaris, Murraya koenigii, Ocimum gratissimum and Piper guineense) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats","volume":"4","author":"Ekoh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"18","article-title":"\u0131cia Rosmarinus officinalis L.: An Update Review of Its Phytochemistry and Biological Activity","volume":"4","author":"Andrade","year":"2018","journal-title":"Futur. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"974","article-title":"An Overview on Medicinal Importance of Thymus vulgaris","volume":"3","author":"Javed","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Asian Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2014.985733","article-title":"Phytochemical Composition of Thymus vulgaris L. Essential Oil","volume":"18","author":"Kazemi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil-Bearing Plants"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alu\u2019datt, M.H., Rababah, T., Alhamad, M.N., Gammoh, S., Al-Mahasneh, M.A., Tranchant, C.C., and Rawshdeh, M. (2018). Pharmaceutical, Nutraceutical and Therapeutic Properties of Selected Wild Medicinal Plants: Thyme, Spearmint, and Rosemary, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814625-5.00014-5"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-020-02945-6","article-title":"Acute, Reproductive, and Developmental Toxicity of Essential Oils Assessed with Alternative in Vitro and in Vivo Systems","volume":"95","author":"Lanzerstorfer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2021.112038","article-title":"Chicken Embryonic Toxicity and Potential in Vitro Estrogenic and Mutagenic Activity of Carvacrol and Thymol in Low Dose\/Concentration","volume":"150","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"12S","article-title":"Safety Assessment of Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary)-Derived Ingredients as Used in Cosmetics","volume":"37","author":"Fiume","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cosmet. Ingred. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.3109\/19390211.2010.525049","article-title":"An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration","volume":"7","author":"Ulbricht","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Diet. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"147","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of Thymus vulgaris: A Review","volume":"3","author":"Rizwan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2008). Experimental Embryology, In Arabic."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.36380\/jwpr.2021.22","article-title":"Effect of In-Ovo Injection of Herbal Extracts on Post-Hatch Performance, Immunological, and Physiological Responses of Broiler Chickens","volume":"11","author":"Sarhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Worlds Poult. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(00)00184-7","article-title":"Experimental Diuretic Effects of Rosmarinus officinalis and Centaurium erythraea","volume":"71","author":"Haloui","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13147","article-title":"Ameliorative Effects of Oral Ginger and\/or Thyme Aqueous Extracts on Productive and Reproductive Performance of V-Line Male Rabbits","volume":"103","author":"Kandeil","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Amanollahi, R., Alavi, S., and Shiasi, S. (2020, January 4). Effects of in Ovo Injection of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Extract on Gut Development in Broiler Chickens. Proceedings of the 7th International Veterinary Poultry Congress, Tehran, Iran."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3727","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.9593","article-title":"In Ovo Delivery of Various Biological Supplements, Vaccines and Drugs in Poultry: Current Knowledge","volume":"99","author":"Saeed","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2019.598-604","article-title":"Changes of Total Protein and Protein Fractions in Broiler Chickens during the Fattening Period","volume":"12","author":"Bielik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3389","article-title":"Shades of Grey-the Blurring View of Innate and Adaptive Immunity","volume":"13","author":"Lanier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thorsurg.2018.12.001","article-title":"The Role of the Thymus in the Immune Response","volume":"29","author":"Thapa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thorac Surg Clin"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Palumbo, C. (2008). Thymus Gland Pathology, Springer."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2015.03.014","article-title":"The Use of Medicinal Plants as Immunostimulants in Aquaculture: A Review","volume":"446","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.2002.01077.x","article-title":"The Thymus Gland: A Target Organ for Growth Hormone","volume":"55","author":"Savino","year":"2002","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-015-9590-z","article-title":"Trade off Situation between Thymus and Growth Hormone: Age-Related Decline of Growth Hormone Is a Cause of Thymic Involution but Favorable for Elongation of Lifespan","volume":"17","author":"Hirokawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.180018","article-title":"Growth Hormone and Aging: Updated Review","volume":"37","author":"Bartke","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Men Health"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"47","article-title":"Morphological and Morphmetric Studies on Embryo Development in Camphor Treated Pregnant Rats","volume":"18","author":"Linjawi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. King Abdulaziz Univ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.46.1.165","article-title":"Congenital Cardiovascular Disease and Anomalies of the Third and Fourth Pharyngeal Pouch","volume":"46","author":"Freedom","year":"1972","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2019.1032","article-title":"The Role of the Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Interleukin-10 in Tissue Fibrosis","volume":"9","author":"Steen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S167192","article-title":"Increased Serum IL-17 and Decreased Serum IL-10 and IL-35 Levels Correlate with the Progression of COPD","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. COPD"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"104706","article-title":"Effects of Thyme Extract Oils (from Thymus vulgaris, Thymus zygis, and Thymus hyemalis) on Cytokine Production and Gene Expression of OxLDL-Stimulated THP-1-Macrophages","volume":"2012","author":"Reglero","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"527","article-title":"Protective Effects of Thymus vulgaris Oil Against CCL4 -Mediated Hepatotoxicity, Oxidative Stress and Immunosuppression in Male Albino Rats","volume":"4","author":"Elshopakey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Anesthesiol. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-5198(19)52529-X","article-title":"Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats: Evidence for Different Susceptibilities of Rat Liver Lobes","volume":"33","author":"Matsubara","year":"1983","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, C., Fernandes, D., Silva, I., and Mateus, V. (2022). Potential Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Rosmarinus officinalis in Preclinical In Vivo Models of Inflammation. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27030609"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1351018","article-title":"Systemic Administration of Rosmarinus officinalis Attenuates the Inflammatory Response Induced by Carrageenan in the Mouse Model of Pleurisy","volume":"79","author":"Facchin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/985646","article-title":"IgG Placental Transfer in Healthy and Pathological Pregnancies","volume":"2012","author":"Palmeira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Dev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.14785\/lpsn-2014-0019","article-title":"Immunodeficiencies with Hypergammaglobulinemia: A Review","volume":"2","author":"Upton","year":"2015","journal-title":"LymphoSign J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_217_17","article-title":"Allergen-specific Exposure Associated with High Immunoglobulin E and Eye Rubbing Predisposes to Progression of Keratoconus","volume":"65","author":"Shetty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensci.2022.100404","article-title":"High-Dose Immunoglobulin-Dependent Chronic Demyelinating Inflammatory Polyneuropathy Successfully Managed with Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Using Pharmacokinetic Analysis","volume":"27","author":"Hiya","year":"2022","journal-title":"eNeurologicalSci"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.18.1.146-150.1977","article-title":"Effect of Bursectomy and Depletion of Immunoglobulin A on Antibody Production and Resistance to Respiratory Challenge After Local or Systemic Vaccination of Chickens with Newcastle Disease Virus","volume":"18","author":"Ewert","year":"1977","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"778","article-title":"Clinical Consequences of Defects in B Cell Development","volume":"125","author":"Vale","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. Acad. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2009.03.007","article-title":"Ibuprofen and Other Widely Used Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Inhibit Antibody Production in Human Cells","volume":"258","author":"Bancos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Immunol."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Vaillant, A.A.J., and Ramphul, K. (2022). Antibody Deficiency Disorder, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"101","article-title":"Serum Immunoglobulin Levels in Healthy Children and Adults","volume":"4","author":"Stoop","year":"1969","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13630","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13630","article-title":"Impact of Thymus vulgaris Extract on Sodium Nitrite-Induced Alteration of Renal Redox and Oxidative Stress: Biochemical, Molecular, and Immunohistochemical Study","volume":"46","author":"Soliman","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"26","article-title":"The Effect of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis. L) Plant Extracts on the Immune Response and Lipid Profile in Mice","volume":"3","author":"Abuharfeil","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.36103\/ijas.v52i4.1397","article-title":"Response of Broiler Chicken to Inovo Administration of Different Levels of Rosemary Oil (Rosmarinus officinalis)","volume":"52","author":"Sulaiman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iraqi J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Litvack, M.L., Post, M., and Palaniyar, N. (2011). IgM Promotes the Clearance of Small Particles and Apoptotic Microparticles by Macrophages. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017223"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-022-02052-3","article-title":"The Impact of IgG Subclass Deficiency on the Risk of Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with COPD","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2022.04.014","article-title":"Clinical and Laboratory Evaluation of Turkish Children with IgG Subclass Deficiency","volume":"64","author":"Keskin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neonatol."}],"container-title":["Toxics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/11\/7\/625\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:14:53Z","timestamp":1760127293000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/11\/7\/625"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["toxics11070625"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics11070625","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6304"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2305-6304","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]}}}