{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:14:30Z","timestamp":1787030070992,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intoxication of vitamin D is not a common case in pediatrics. Vitamin D supplements are sold as OTC drugs; however, there is a lack of public education about the permissible limits of vitamin D intake which may lead to vitamin D toxicity (VDT). This review aims to give insights to readers or practitioners about the clinical toxicology of vitamin D in pediatrics, which includes the mechanism of VDT, case reports, and the management of vitamin D poisoning. VDT refers to serum 25(OH)D levels, particularly when the level exceeds 100 ng\/mL (250 nmol\/L) or is defined as hypervitaminosis D. Hypercalcemia is a common condition of vitamin D toxicity. Vitamin D and its metabolites in moderate levels can induce hypercalcemia, as indicated by the elevation of osteoclastic bone resorption, the presence of calcium in renal tubules, intestinal calcium intake (through increased production of calcium-binding protein in enterocytes), and the decrease of parathyroid hormone synthesis. VDT in pediatrics can be managed by discontinuing vitamin D intake; using activated charcoal, furosemide, prednisone, and calcitonin; rehydration using intravenous sodium chloride 0.9%; and dextrose fluid therapy. It is important for parents to be more careful when providing vitamin D to their children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11070642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T01:32:10Z","timestamp":1690248730000},"page":"642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Clinical Toxicology of Vitamin D in Pediatrics: A Review and Case Reports"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4578-4174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jutti","family":"Levita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0904-3117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gofarana","family":"Wilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ika","family":"Wahyuni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Master Program in Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lidya Cahyo","family":"Bawono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Master Program in Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiara","family":"Ramadaini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Master Program in Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohani","family":"Rohani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Master Program in Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajeng","family":"Diantini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12059","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D3 treatment on endothelial function in obese adolescents","volume":"11","author":"Javed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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