{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T06:52:51Z","timestamp":1791874371165,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":258,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Russian Ministry of Science and Higher Education","award":["FENZ-2023-0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FENZ-2023-0004"]}]},{"name":"Russian Ministry of Science and Higher Education","award":["R01ES10563"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES10563"]}]},{"name":"Russian Ministry of Science and Higher Education","award":["R01ES07331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES07331"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Environmental Health","award":["FENZ-2023-0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FENZ-2023-0004"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Environmental Health","award":["R01ES10563"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES10563"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Environmental Health","award":["R01ES07331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES07331"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an important public health issue that affects millions of people around the world and is growing to pandemic-like proportions. This syndrome is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a pathologic condition characterized by abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Moreover, the etiology of MetS is multifactorial, involving many environmental factors, including toxicant exposures. Several studies have associated MetS with heavy metals exposure, which is the focus of this review. Environmental and\/or occupational exposure to heavy metals are a major risk, contributing to the development of chronic diseases. Of particular note, toxic metals such as mercury, lead, and cadmium may contribute to the development of MetS by altering oxidative stress, IL-6 signaling, apoptosis, altered lipoprotein metabolism, fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, and other mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the known and potential roles of heavy metals in MetS etiology as well as potential targeted pathways that are associated with MetS. Furthermore, we describe how new approaches involving proteomic and transcriptome analysis, as well as bioinformatic tools, may help bring about an understanding of the involvement of heavy metals and metalloids in MetS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11080670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T11:23:03Z","timestamp":1691061783000},"page":"670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Association between Heavy Metals, Metalloids and Metabolic Syndrome: New Insights and Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2157-5984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Airton C.","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Ferrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexey A.","family":"Tinkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Ecobiomonitoring and Quality Control, Yaroslavl State University, 150003 Yaroslavl, Russia"},{"name":"IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Caito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Husson University, Bangor, ME 04401, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4591-168X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romina","family":"Deza-Ponzio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anatoly V.","family":"Skalny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Ecobiomonitoring and Quality Control, Yaroslavl State University, 150003 Yaroslavl, Russia"},{"name":"IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8728-3346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron B.","family":"Bowman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2051, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2619-1656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Aschner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-018-0812-z","article-title":"The Global Epidemic of the Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Saklayen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. 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