{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:25:22Z","timestamp":1791919522606,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]],"date-time":"2023-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examines the levels of benzene and the potential health impact during three years of continuous monitoring (2019\u20132021), including the COVID-lockdown period from 2020 in a city that is an important Romanian center for petroleum refining and associated product manufacturing. The dataset contains benzene, toluene, NOx, PM10 concentrations, and meteorological factors monitored by six automatic stations from the national network of which four are in the city and two outside. Special attention was given to the benzene dynamics to establish patterns related to the health impact and leukemia. An assessment of the exposure was performed using EPA\u2019s ExpoFIRST v. 2.0 for computing the inhalation Average Daily Dose (ADD) and Lifetime Average Daily Dose (LADD). The health impact was estimated based on several indicators such as lifetime cancer risk (LCR), Hazard Quotient (HQ), Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY), and Environmental burden of disease (EBD). Overall, the annual average of all stations was almost similar between years i.e., 3.46 in 2019, 3.41 in 2020, and 3.63 \u00b5g\/m3 in 2021, respectively. The average of all stations during the lockdown period was 2.67 \u00b5g\/m3, which was lower than the multiannual average of the 2019\u20132021 period, i.e., 3.5 \u00b5g\/m3. Significant correlations were present between benzene and other pollutants such as NOx (r = 0.57), PM10 fraction (r = 0.70), and toluene (r = 0.69), and benzene and temperature (r = \u22120.46), humidity (r = 0.28), and wind speed (r = \u22120.34). Regarding the ADD, in all scenarios, the most affected age categories are small children, despite a lower outdoor exposure time. From birth to &lt;70 years, the ADD varied depending on the exposure scenario resulting in 3.27 \u00d7 10\u22124, 5.6 \u00d7 10\u22124, and 4.04 \u00d7 104 mg\/kg-day, and 3.95 \u00d7 10\u22124, 10.6 \u00d7 10\u22124, and 6.76 \u00d7 10\u22124 mg\/kg-day for the LADD, respectively. The Integrated Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILTCR) values were 14.1 \u00d7 10\u22125 in winter, 9.04 \u00d7 10\u22125 in spring, 8.74 \u00d7 10\u22125 in summer, and 10.6 \u00d7 10\u22124 in autumn. The ILTCR annual averages were 1.08 \u00d7 10\u22124 (2019), 1.07 \u00d7 10\u22124 (2020), 1.04 \u00d7 10\u22124 (2021), and 1.06 \u00d7 10\u22124 for the entire period. The resulting ILTCR values point out very risky conditions, with the annual averages reaching the definite cancer risk category. The corresponding burden based on the DALY\u2019s loss due to leukemia in Ploie\u015fti was estimated at 0.291 (2 \u03bcg\/m3 benzene), 0.509 (3.5 \u03bcg\/m3 benzene), 0.582 (4 \u03bcg\/m3 benzene), and 0.873 DALYs per 100,000 inhabitants (6 \u03bcg\/m3 benzene), respectively. The current study provides useful insights for a better understanding of the exposure levels to benzene and associated health impact in Ploie\u015fti despite the limitations determined by the data hiatus and incomplete or missing information regarding the health impact.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11090748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T02:59:55Z","timestamp":1693796395000},"page":"748","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A Three-Year Analysis of Toxic Benzene Levels and Associated Impact in Ploie\u015fti City, Romania"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mia","family":"Sanda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Petroleum Processing and Petrochemistry, Petroleum-Gas University, Bulevardul Bucure\u0219ti 39, 100680 Ploie\u015fti, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9423-585X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Dunea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Food Science, Valahia University of Targoviste, Aleea Sinaia no.13, 130004 Targoviste, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Iordache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Food Science, Valahia University of Targoviste, Aleea Sinaia no.13, 130004 Targoviste, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alin","family":"Pohoata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Valahia University of Targoviste, Aleea Sinaia no.13, 130004 Targoviste, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana-Maria","family":"Glod-Lendvai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Food Science, Valahia University of Targoviste, Aleea Sinaia no.13, 130004 Targoviste, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1196-402X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ion","family":"Onutu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Petroleum Processing and Petrochemistry, Petroleum-Gas University, Bulevardul Bucure\u0219ti 39, 100680 Ploie\u015fti, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Bank (2023, February 05). 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