{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T11:42:31Z","timestamp":1792842151892,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University","award":["RGP2\/435\/44"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP2\/435\/44"]}]},{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University","award":["PNURSP2023R73"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R73"]}]},{"name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers","award":["RGP2\/435\/44"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP2\/435\/44"]}]},{"name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers","award":["PNURSP2023R73"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R73"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The health benefits of thymoquinone (TQ) have been a significant focus of numerous studies. However, more research is needed to ascertain whether its nano-form can effectively treat or prevent chronic diseases. In this study, we investigated how thymoquinone and its nanoparticles can mitigate liver damage induced by diazinon in male Wistar rats and explored the intracellular mechanisms involved. Forty-two Wistar male rats (n = 42) were randomly allotted into seven groups. Group 1 served as the control. Group 2 (vehicle) consisted of rats that received corn oil via a gastric tube daily. In Group 3 (TQ), rats were given a daily oral administration of TQ (40 mg\/kg bw). Group 4 (thymoquinone nanoparticles, NTQ) included rats that received NTQ (0.5 mg\/kg bw) orally for 21 days. Group 5 (DZN) involved rats that were administered diazinon (DZN, 15 mg\/kg bw) orally. In Group 6 (TQ + DZN), rats first received TQ orally, followed by DZN. Group 7 (NTQ + DZN) consisted of rats receiving NTQ orally, then DZN. After 21 days of treatment, the rats were euthanized. After oral administration of DZN, liver enzymes were significantly elevated (p &lt; 0.05). Additionally, there were noticeable increases in oxidative injury markers, such as nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, redox oxygen radicals, and overall increases in hydrogen peroxide and liver protein carbonyl concentrations. This was accompanied by the upregulation of apoptotic markers (Bax, caspase9, caspase 3, bax\/Bcl2 ratio), inflammatory cytokines (TNF-\u03b1, IL-6), and DNA damage. There was also a noteworthy decrease (p &lt; 0.05) in the activities of antioxidant enzymes and anti-apoptotic markers. However, the oral administration of thymoquinone or its nanoparticle form mitigated these diazinon complications; our histopathological findings corroborated our biochemical and molecular observations. In conclusion, the significant antioxidant properties of thymoquinone, or its nanoparticle form, in tandem with the downregulation of apoptotic markers and inflammatory cytokines, provided a protective effect against hepatic dysfunction caused by diazinon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11090783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T04:06:13Z","timestamp":1694750773000},"page":"783","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Ameliorative Effect of Thymoquinone and Thymoquinone Nanoparticles against Diazinon-Induced Hepatic Injury in Rats: A Possible Protection Mechanism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Walaa M.","family":"Nassar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wafaa M.","family":"El-Kholy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamdouh R.","family":"El-Sawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nagi M.","family":"El-Shafai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotechnology Center, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4066-5694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Badriyah S.","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heba I.","family":"Ghamry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Food Sciences, Department of Home Economics, Faculty of Home Economics, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 960, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2722-2466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa","family":"Shukry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"53","article-title":"Evaluation of hepatoprotective effect of propolis against sub-chronic diazinon induced hepatotoxicity","volume":"18","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2018","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Forensic Sci. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"7","article-title":"Effects of Oral Exposure to Diazinon on Mice Liver and Kidney Tissues","volume":"35","author":"Cakici","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Quant. Cytopathol. 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