{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T10:28:35Z","timestamp":1791282515215,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n (Minciencias) in Colombia","award":["905\u20132019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["905\u20132019"]}]},{"name":"Universidad del Rosario","award":["905\u20132019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["905\u20132019"]}]},{"name":"Universidad del Sin\u00fa","award":["905\u20132019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["905\u20132019"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["905\u20132019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["905\u20132019"]}]},{"name":"Universidad Industrial de Santander","award":["905\u20132019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["905\u20132019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The contexts where there are mining and agriculture activities are potential sources of risk to human health due to contamination by chemical mixtures. These contexts are frequent in several Colombian regions. This study explored the potential association between the frequency of micronuclei and pesticides and elements in regions with ferronickel (Montelibano, C\u00f3rdoba) and gold (Nech\u00ed, Antioquia) mining, and a closed native mercury mine (Aranzazu, Caldas), with an emphasis in the potential effect of selenium as a potential chelator. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 247 individuals. Sociodemographic, occupational, and toxicological variables were ascertained. Blood and urine samples were taken for pesticide analysis (5 organophosphates, 4 organochlorines, and 3 carbamates), 68 elements were quantified in hair, and micronuclei were quantified in lymphocytes. The mixtures of elements were grouped through principal component analysis. Prevalence ratios were estimated with robust variance Poisson regressions to explore associations. Interactions of selenium with toxic elements were explored. The highest concentrations of elements were in the active mines. The potentially most toxic chemical mixture was observed in the ferronickel mine. Pesticides were detected in a low proportion of participants (&lt;2.5%), except paraoxon-methyl in blood (27.55%) in Montelibano and paraoxon-ethyl in blood (18.81%) in Aranzazu. The frequency of micronuclei was similar in the three mining contexts, with means between 4 to 7 (p = 0.1298). There was great heterogeneity in the exposure to pesticides and elements. The \u201chormetic effect\u201d of selenium was described, in which, at low doses, it acts as a chelator in Montelibano and Aranzazu, and at high doses, it can enhance the toxic effects of other elements, maybe as in Nech\u00ed. Selenium can serve as a protective agent, but it requires adaptation to the available concentrations in each region to avoid its toxic effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11100821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T07:42:08Z","timestamp":1695973328000},"page":"821","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Micronuclei, Pesticides, and Element Mixtures in Mining Contexts: The Hormetic Effect of Selenium"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7698-8500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcela E.","family":"Varona-Uribe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogot\u00e1 D.C. 111221, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8272-0025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia M.","family":"D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogot\u00e1 D.C. 111221, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth-Marien","family":"Palma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Occupational Health Group, National Institute of Health, Bogot\u00e1 D.C. 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Brice\u00f1o-Ayala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogot\u00e1 D.C. 111221, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0422-0011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Trillos-Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogot\u00e1 D.C. 111221, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliana M.","family":"T\u00e9llez-Avila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Occupational Health Group, National Institute of Health, Bogot\u00e1 D.C. 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3332-7814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lyda","family":"Espitia-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dicas y Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Universidad del Sin\u00fa, Monter\u00eda 230001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Pastor-Sierra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dicas y Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Universidad del Sin\u00fa, Monter\u00eda 230001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro Juan","family":"Espitia-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dicas y Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Universidad del Sin\u00fa, Monter\u00eda 230001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9579-1463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alvaro J.","family":"Idrovo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.4103\/ijoem.IJOEM_45_18","article-title":"Occupational Pesticide Exposure, Impaired DNA Repair, and Diseases","volume":"22","author":"Kaur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. 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