{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T13:19:35Z","timestamp":1790601575709,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2021QC048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021QC048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SDAIT-08-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SDAIT-08-04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shandong Province pig industry technology system","award":["ZR2021QC048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021QC048"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Province pig industry technology system","award":["SDAIT-08-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SDAIT-08-04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bisphenol A (BPA), a kind of environmental toxin, widely impacts daily life. Cysteine (Cys) is a nutritionally important amino acid for piglets. However, it remains unclear whether Cys can alleviate BPA-induced oxidative damage in piglets. The aim of the present study was to explore the protective effects of Cys in BPA-challenged piglets. A total of twenty-four piglets were divided into four groups that were further subdivided based on the type of exposure (with or without 0.1% BPA) in a basal or Cys diet for a 28 d feeding trial. The results showed that BPA exposure decreased the piglets\u2019 average daily weight gain by 14.9%, and decreased dry matter, crude protein and ether extract digestibility by 3.3%, 4.5% and 2.3%, respectively; these decreases were attenuated by Cys supplementation. Additionally, Cys supplementation restored BPA-induced decreases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH), and increases in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, in the serum and jejunum (p &lt; 0.05). Moreover, BPA decreased the jejunal mRNA expression of antioxidant genes, which were restored by Cys supplementation (p &lt; 0.05). Cys also restored BPA and increased serum D-lactate levels and diamine oxidase (DAO) activity, and BPA decreased jejunal disaccharidase activity (p &lt; 0.05). Further investigations in this study showed that the protective effects of Cys were associated with restoring intestinal barrier integrity by improving the jejunal morphology and enhancing the mRNA expression of tight junction proteins (p &lt; 0.05). Collectively, the results herein demonstrated that Cys supplementation attenuated the impact of BPA-induced oxidative damage on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11110902","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T10:59:54Z","timestamp":1699009194000},"page":"902","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Cysteine Attenuates the Impact of Bisphenol A-Induced Oxidative Damage on Growth Performance and Intestinal Function in Piglets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Pengxiang","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shangyuan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changjin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanjiao","family":"Di","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zihao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiru","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6042-1259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4943-0322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuzhen","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiren","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2013.08.008","article-title":"Bisphenol A and human health: A review of the literature","volume":"42","author":"Rochester","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7442","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201902503R","article-title":"Restoring mitochondrial function and normalizing ROS-JNK\/MAPK pathway exert key roles in glutamine ameliorating bisphenol A-induced intestinal injury","volume":"34","author":"Jiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.01.007","article-title":"Bisphenol A inhibits mucin 2 secretion in intestinal goblet cells through mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress","volume":"111","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00040.2012","article-title":"Oxidative stress: An essential factor in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal mucosal diseases","volume":"94","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2018.06.005","article-title":"Chlorogenic acid improves intestinal barrier functions by suppressing mucosa inflammation and improving antioxidant capacity in weaned pigs","volume":"59","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, Z., Li, Z., Huo, J.J., Li, J., Liu, F., and Yin, P. (2021). Effects of Chinese wolfberry and Astragalus extract on the antioxidant capacity of Tibetan pig liver. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245749"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2017.03.012","article-title":"Maternal methyl donor supplementation during gestation counteracts bisphenol A-induced oxidative stress in sows and offspring","volume":"45","author":"Mou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9050423","article-title":"Maternal Methyl Donor Supplementation during Gestation Counteracts the Bisphenol A-Induced Impairment of Intestinal Morphology, Disaccharidase Activity, and Nutrient Transporters Gene Expression in Newborn and Weaning Pigs","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201500031","article-title":"L-Cysteine metabolism and its nutritional implications","volume":"60","author":"Yin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"4093","article-title":"First-pass splanchnic metabolism of dietary cysteine in weanling pigs","volume":"12","author":"Cottrell","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-009-0268-1","article-title":"Catabolism of nutritionally essential amino acids in developing porcine enterocytes","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Windmueller, H.G. (1982). Glutamine utilization by the small intestine. Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Areas Mol. Biol., 53.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470122983.ch6"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100728","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202100728","article-title":"Cysteine exerts an essential role in maintaining intestinal integrity and function independent of glutathione","volume":"66","author":"Jiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-022-03213-w","article-title":"Comparative effects of dietary methionine and cysteine supplementation on redox status and intestinal integrity in immunologically challenged-weaned pigs","volume":"55","author":"Koo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2021.114947","article-title":"Maternal cysteine intake influenced oxidative status and lipid-related gut microbiota and plasma metabolomics in male suckling piglets","volume":"276","author":"Ni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"NRC (2012). Nutrient Requirements of Swine, National Academies Press. [11th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"AOAC (2012). Official Methods of Analysis, Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. [19th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903615","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.903615","article-title":"Low level of dietary organic trace elements improve the eggshell strength, trace element utilization, and intestinal function in late-phase laying hens","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108575","article-title":"The adverse health effects of bisphenol A and related toxicity mechanisms","volume":"176","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, W., Jiang, Y., Li, Y.Y., Wan, Y.J., Liu, J., Ma, Y., Mao, Z.X., Chang, H.L., Li, G.Q., and Xu, B. (2014). Early-life exposure to bisphenol a induces liver injury in rats involvement of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090443"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2017.08.001","article-title":"Ameliorative effect of propolis supplementation on alleviating bisphenol-A toxicity: Growth performance, biochemical variables, and oxidative stress biomarkers of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) fingerlings","volume":"202","author":"Hamed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6618874","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6618874","article-title":"Maternal Probiotic or Synbiotic Supplementation Modulates Jejunal and Colonic Antioxidant Capacity, Mitochondrial Function, and Microbial Abundance in Bama Mini-piglets","volume":"2021","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2010.07.022","article-title":"Malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PCO) levels as biomarkers of oxidative stress in subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia","volume":"43","author":"Pirinccioglu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2020.11.007","article-title":"Serum biochemical parameters and amino acids metabolism are altered in piglets by early-weaning and proline and putrescine supplementations","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2013.09.006","article-title":"Existing and potential therapeutic uses for N-acetylcysteine: The need for conversion to intracellular glutathione for antioxidant benefits","volume":"141","author":"Rushworth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9121144","article-title":"Dietary dihydroartemisinin supplementation attenuates hepatic oxidative damage of weaned piglets with intrauterine growth retardation through the Nrf2\/ARE signaling pathway","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00273-19","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00273-19","article-title":"Direct and specific functional evaluation of the Nrf2 and mafG heterodimer by introducing a tethered dimer into small Maf-deficient cells","volume":"39","author":"Katsuoka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110074","article-title":"Efficiency of traditional Chinese medicine targeting the Nrf2\/HO-1 signaling pathway","volume":"126","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/sky388","article-title":"Rapid communication: The relationship of enterocyte proliferation with intestinal morphology and nutrient digestibility in weaning piglets","volume":"97","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425916632303","article-title":"L-Cysteine protects intestinal integrity, attenuates intestinal inflammation and oxidant stress, and modulates NF-\u03baB and Nrf2 pathways in weaned piglets after LPS challenge","volume":"22","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.05.038","article-title":"Intestinal barrier function: Molecular regulation and disease pathogenesis","volume":"124","author":"Groschwitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skz372","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skz372","article-title":"Inclusion of the direct-fed microbial Clostridium butyricum in diets for weanling pigs increases growth performance and tends to increase villus height and crypt depth, but does not change intestinal microbial abundance","volume":"98","author":"Casas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/82.6.1030","article-title":"Effects of dietary fructooligosaccharide on digestive enzyme activities, intestinal microflora and morphology of male broilers","volume":"82","author":"Xu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972041","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.972041","article-title":"Evaluation of in ovo feeding of low or high mixtures of cysteine and lysine on performance, intestinal morphology and physiological responses of thermal-challenged broiler embryos","volume":"13","author":"Ajayi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J.L., Li, F.C., Yang, W.R., Jiang, S.Z., and Li, Y. (2021). Supplementation with exogenous catalase from penicilliumnotatum in the diet ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal oxidative damage through affecting intestinal antioxidant capacity and microbiota in weaned pigs. Microbiol. Spectr., 9.","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.00654-21"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2013.02.006","article-title":"The effects of natural and modified clinoptilolite on intestinal barrier function and immune response to LPS in broiler chickens","volume":"153","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-011-1191-9","article-title":"Protective effects of N-acetylcysteine on intestinal functions of piglets challenged with lipopolysaccharide","volume":"43","author":"Hou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.7b01971","article-title":"Chlorogenic acid improves intestinal development via suppressing mucosa inflammation and cell apoptosis in weaned pigs","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908753","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.908753","article-title":"Dietary crude protein levels alter diarrhea incidence, immunity, and intestinal barrier function of Huanjiang mini-pigs during different growth stages","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2645465","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2645465","article-title":"Tight junction in the intestinal epithelium: Its association with diseases and regulation by phytochemicals","volume":"2018","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3930","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e09-04-0320","article-title":"ZO-1 Stabilizes the tight junction solute barrier through coupling to the perijunctional cytoskeleton","volume":"20","author":"Itallie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2258","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.217661","article-title":"L-Glutamate enhances barrier and antioxidative functions in intestinal porcine epithelial cells","volume":"145","author":"Jiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.8.1437","article-title":"Early administration of probiotics alters bacterial colonization and limits diet-induced gut dysfunction and severity of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm pigs","volume":"138","author":"Siggers","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Toxics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/11\/11\/902\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:16:31Z","timestamp":1760130991000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/11\/11\/902"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["toxics11110902"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics11110902","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6304"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2305-6304","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]}}}