{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:16:30Z","timestamp":1792790190756,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]],"date-time":"2023-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National post-doctoral special research","award":["2022T150333"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022T150333"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is an argument that BPA substitutes may have the same or more deleterious health effects as BPA due to their structural similarity. This study explored the association between urinary BPA substitutes and precocious puberty among girls by including 120 girls with precocious puberty (cases) aged 2\u201310 years enrolled at Nanjing Children\u2019s Hospital Department of Endocrinology in China between April 2021 to September 2021 and 145 healthy girls (controls) recruited from a primary school. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the effect of single exposures, and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) and quantile-based g-computation were used for the mixed effect. In the multivariate logistic regression, BPS (bisphenol S), TBBPA (tetrabromobisphenol A), and BPFL (bisphenol-FL) were significantly associated with increased risk of precocious puberty (odds ratio (OR) = 1.75, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13, 2.76, p = 0.014), (OR = 1.46, CI: 1.06, 2.05; p = 0.023), and (OR = 1.47, CI: 1.01, 2.18; p = 0.047), respectively. The BMKR and quantile-based g-computation models revealed consistent associations for single exposures and there was insufficient evidence for the associations of the mixed exposure of bisphenols with precocious puberty. In conclusion, BPA substitutes such as BPS, TBBPA, and BPFL may be associated with an increased risk of precocious puberty in girls.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11110905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]],"date-time":"2023-11-06T01:37:09Z","timestamp":1699234629000},"page":"905","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Association between Urinary BPA Substitutes and Precocious Puberty among Girls: A Single-Exposure and Mixed Exposure Approach from a Chinese Case\u2014Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Francis Manyori","family":"Bigambo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dandan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinliang","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China"},{"name":"Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, China"},{"name":"Research Base for Environment and Health in Wuxi, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi 214023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuzhu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China"},{"name":"Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, China"},{"name":"Research Base for Environment and Health in Wuxi, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi 214023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beibei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingzhi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5438","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b05387","article-title":"Bisphenol Analogues Other Than BPA: Environmental Occurrence, Human Exposure, and Toxicity\u2014A Review","volume":"50","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. 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