{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T23:32:07Z","timestamp":1772753527647,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Formas","award":["2017-00898"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-00898"]}]},{"name":"Formas","award":["814978"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["814978"]}]},{"name":"Formas","award":["2016\u201300993"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\u201300993"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020","award":["2017-00898"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-00898"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020","award":["814978"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["814978"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020","award":["2016\u201300993"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\u201300993"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001862","name":"Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017-00898"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-00898"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001862","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001862","name":"Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["814978"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["814978"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001862","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001862","name":"Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016\u201300993"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\u201300993"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001862","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, the long-term mortality effects associated with exposure to PM10 (particles with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than or equal to 10 \u00b5m), PM2.5 (particles with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than or equal to 2.5 \u00b5m), BC (black carbon), and NOx (nitrogen oxides) were analyzed in a cohort in southern Sweden during the period from 1991 to 2016. Participants (those residing in Malm\u00f6, Sweden, born between 1923 and 1950) were randomly recruited from 1991 to 1996. At enrollment, 30,438 participants underwent a health screening, which consisted of questionnaires about lifestyle and diet, a clinical examination, and blood sampling. Mortality data were retrieved from the Swedish National Cause of Death Register. The modeled concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, BC, and NOx at the cohort participants\u2019 home addresses were used to assess air pollution exposure. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the associations between long-term exposure to PM10, PM2.5, BC, and NOx and the time until death among the participants during the period from 1991 to 2016. The hazard ratios (HRs) associated with an interquartile range (IQR) increase in each air pollutant were calculated based on the exposure lag windows of the same year (lag0), 1\u20135 years (lag1\u20135), and 6\u201310 years (lag6\u201310). Three models were used with varying adjustments for possible confounders including both single-pollutant estimates and two-pollutant estimates. With adjustments for all covariates, the HRs for PM10, PM2.5, BC, and NOx in the single-pollutant models at lag1\u20135 were 1.06 (95% CI: 1.02\u20131.11), 1.01 (95% CI: 0.95\u20131.08), 1.07 (95% CI: 1.04\u20131.11), and 1.11 (95% CI: 1.07\u20131.16) per IQR increase, respectively. The HRs, in most cases, decreased with the inclusion of a larger number of covariates in the models. The most robust associations were shown for NOx, with statistically significant positive HRs in all the models. An overall conclusion is that road traffic-related pollutants had a significant association with mortality in the cohort.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11110913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T11:25:31Z","timestamp":1699356331000},"page":"913","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Long-Term Mortality Effects Associated with Exposure to Particles and NOx in the Malm\u00f6 Diet and Cancer Cohort"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Henrik","family":"Olstrup","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 223 63 Lund, Sweden"},{"name":"Sustainable Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Ume\u00e5 University, 901 87 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Flanagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 223 63 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan-Olov","family":"Persson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Rittner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 223 63 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1656-9624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanne","family":"Krage Carlsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Center of Registers, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leo","family":"Stockfelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9106-0049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiyi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Rylander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 223 63 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanna","family":"Gustafsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment Department, City of Malm\u00f6, 205 80 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00e5rten","family":"Spanne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment Department, City of Malm\u00f6, 205 80 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel Oudin","family":"\u00c5str\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 223 63 Lund, Sweden"},{"name":"Sustainable Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Ume\u00e5 University, 901 87 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gunnar","family":"Engstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences at Malm\u00f6, CRC, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9876-0627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Oudin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 223 63 Lund, Sweden"},{"name":"Sustainable Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Ume\u00e5 University, 901 87 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2023, August 22). 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