{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:50:56Z","timestamp":1792122656825,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010067","name":"Gobierno de Arag\u00f3n: Departamento de Ciencia, Universidad y Sociedad del Conocimiento","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Group T67_23R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Group T67_23R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010067","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010067","name":"Gobierno de Arag\u00f3n: Departamento de Ciencia, Universidad y Sociedad del Conocimiento","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CPB_08_21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPB_08_21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010067","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Gobierno de Arag\u00f3n, pre-doctoral fellowship","award":["Group T67_23R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Group T67_23R"]}]},{"name":"Gobierno de Arag\u00f3n, pre-doctoral fellowship","award":["CPB_08_21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPB_08_21"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite widespread industrial use, the environmental safety of hydroquinone (HQ), a benzene compound from plants used in processes like cosmetics, remains uncertain. This study evaluated the ecotoxicological impact of HQ on soil and river environments, utilizing non-target indicator organisms from diverse trophic levels: Daphnia magna, Aliivibrio fischeri, Allium cepa, and Eisenia fetida. For a more environmentally realistic assessment, microbial communities from a river and untreated soil underwent 16S rRNA gene sequencing, with growth and changes in community-level physiological profiling assessed using Biolog EcoPlate\u2122 assays. The water indicator D. magna exhibited the highest sensitivity to HQ (EC50 = 0.142 \u00b5g\/mL), followed by A. fischeri (EC50 = 1.446 \u00b5g\/mL), and A. cepa (LC50 = 7.631 \u00b5g\/mL), while E. fetida showed the highest resistance (EC50 = 234 mg\/Kg). Remarkably, microbial communities mitigated HQ impact in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. River microorganisms displayed minimal inhibition, except for a significant reduction in polymer metabolism at the highest concentration (100 \u00b5g\/mL). Soil communities demonstrated resilience up to 100 \u00b5g\/mL, beyond which there was a significant decrease in population growth and the capacity to metabolize carbohydrates and polymers. Despite microbial mitigation, HQ remains highly toxic to various trophic levels, emphasizing the necessity for environmental regulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12020115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T08:54:03Z","timestamp":1706518443000},"page":"115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Hydroquinone Ecotoxicity: Unveiling Risks in Soil and River Ecosystems with Insights into Microbial Resilience"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Antonio","family":"Valenzuela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, Villanueva de G\u00e1llego, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Ballestero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, Villanueva de G\u00e1llego, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0730-4053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, Villanueva de G\u00e1llego, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Lorca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, Villanueva de G\u00e1llego, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3061-2705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Langa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, Villanueva de G\u00e1llego, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3186-1722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Rosa","family":"Pino-Ot\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, Villanueva de G\u00e1llego, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.2953","article-title":"Comparative stability of arbutin in Arctostaphylos uva-ursi by a new comprehensive stability-indicating HPLC method","volume":"6","author":"Braga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytochem. 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