{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T10:21:07Z","timestamp":1779186067289,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82173520"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82173520"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LGC20B050005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGC20B050005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XYJ2023003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XYJ2023003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Basic Public Welfare Research Project (the Analysis and Measurement Foundation)","award":["82173520"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82173520"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Basic Public Welfare Research Project (the Analysis and Measurement Foundation)","award":["LGC20B050005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGC20B050005"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Basic Public Welfare Research Project (the Analysis and Measurement Foundation)","award":["XYJ2023003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XYJ2023003"]}]},{"name":"First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University","award":["82173520"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82173520"]}]},{"name":"First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University","award":["LGC20B050005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGC20B050005"]}]},{"name":"First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University","award":["XYJ2023003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XYJ2023003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: The ecofriendly and sustainable concept of bamboo- and wheat straw-made tableware has gained attention in recent years. However, it is necessary to note that these kinds of tableware are composed of melamine (MEL)\u2013formaldehyde resin with the addition of bamboo fibers or wheat straw. This study aims to explore the potential migration of MEL and its derivatives from the tableware and conduct a risk assessment. Methods: The study involved 46 bowls or cups purchased from Internet markets or retail shops in China, whose raw materials included MEL, bamboo, and wheat straw. There were four pieces of glass- or ceramic-made tableware used as the control group. Migration testing was performed according to the test conditions selected from the European Union Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials. Considering the realistic worst-case scenario, we measured the concentrations of MEL and its derivatives in food simulants using ultra-performance liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry and estimated the exposure risks for adults and 1-year-old infants. Results: MEL and its derivatives could migrate from MEL-, bamboo-, and wheat straw-made tableware with varying concentrations. The total migration was ranked as follows: bamboo-made tableware &gt; MEL-made tableware &gt; wheat straw-made tableware &gt; glass- or ceramic-made tableware (p &lt; 0.001). The primary contributor to the total concentration for MEL- and bamboo-made tableware was MEL, whereas cyanuric acid (CYA) was the main contributor for wheat straw-made tableware. Based on the total concentration of MEL and its derivatives and the strictest TDI value, the proportions of the calculated hazard quotient \u22651 for MEL-, bamboo-, and wheat straw-made tableware in adults were 53.50%, 92.30%, and 1.90%; and the proportions in 1-year-old infants increased to 86.00%, 100.00%, and 7.40%. Conclusion: The utilization of MEL-, bamboo-, and wheat straw-made tableware could be regarded as a significant source of human exposure to MEL and its derivatives. It is advisable for both adults and infants to refrain from using tableware manufactured with MEL and bamboo fiber, as it may increase the susceptibility to MEL-related diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12020143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T11:42:05Z","timestamp":1707478925000},"page":"143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Migration of Melamine and Its Derivatives from Melamine\/Bamboo\/Wheat Straw-Made Tableware Purchased from Internet Markets or Retail Shops in China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8140-1185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaojie","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yifei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhanren","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiping","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9646-1474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfn160","article-title":"Identification and characterization of toxicity of contaminants in pet food leading to an outbreak of renal toxicity in cats and dogs","volume":"106","author":"Dobson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1126\/science.322.5906.1310","article-title":"Tainted milk scandal. Chinese probe unmasks high-tech adulteration with melamine","volume":"322","author":"Xin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2009). Toxicological and Health Aspects of Melamine and Cyanuric Acid, World Health Organization. Report of a WHO Expert Meeting in Collaboration with FAO, Supported by Health Canada."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105363","article-title":"An assessment of melamine exposure in Shanghai adults and its association with food consumption","volume":"135","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.2478\/intox-2019-0020","article-title":"Melamine migration measurement through spectrophotometry device and the effect of time and tableware type on it","volume":"12","author":"Haghi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.104950","article-title":"Melamine and cyanuric acid in foodstuffs from the United States and their implications for human exposure","volume":"130","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2011.01.128","article-title":"High melamine migration in daily-use melamine-made tableware","volume":"188","author":"Chien","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-020-04599-9","article-title":"FT-IR fingerprinting as an Analytical tool for determination of Melamine leaching from Melamine tablewares and their Biological implications","volume":"58","author":"Chithambharan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2014.947638","article-title":"Effects of microwave heating on the migration of substances from melamine formaldehyde tableware","volume":"31","author":"Poovarodom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control Expo. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030500415660","article-title":"Migration of formaldehyde and melamine monomers from kitchen- and tableware made of melamine plastic","volume":"23","author":"Lund","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2016.1252467","article-title":"Migration of formaldehyde and melamine from melaware and other amino resin tableware in real life service","volume":"34","author":"Mannoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control Expo. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2012.09.059","article-title":"Rapid desorption electrospray ionization-high resolution mass spectrometry method for the analysis of melamine migration from melamine tableware","volume":"101","author":"Mattarozzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9964","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b01965","article-title":"Behavioral Intervention and Decreased Daily Melamine Exposure from Melamine Tableware","volume":"49","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2010.536167","article-title":"Migration of melamine from can coatings cross-linked with melamine-based resins, into food simulants and foods","volume":"28","author":"Bradley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control Expo. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.1764","article-title":"Toxicokinetic study of melamine in the presence and absence of cyanuric acid in rats","volume":"33","author":"Pang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.133439","article-title":"Migration of formaldehyde from \u2018biobased\u2019 bamboo\/melamine cups: A Dutch retail survey","volume":"292","author":"Bouma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122891","article-title":"Ambient mass spectrometry as a tool for a rapid and simultaneous determination of migrants coming from a bamboo-based biopolymer packaging","volume":"398","author":"Osorio","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Beldi, N.J.G., Robouch, P., and Hoekstra, E. (2022, January 08). Testing Conditions for Kitchenware Articles in Contact with Foodstuffs\u2014Part 1: Plastics. Available online: https:\/\/www.contactalimentaire.fr\/sites\/default\/files\/media\/file\/field_media_file\/beldi_jrc116750_jrc116750_kitchenware-conditions.pdf."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"85","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of melamine and its homologues in urine by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"51","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hyg. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.113714","article-title":"Exposure to melamine and its derivatives in Chinese adults: The cumulative risk assessment and the effect on routine blood parameters","volume":"241","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Capital Institute of Pediatrics (2018). A national survey on physical growth and development of children under seven years of age in nine cities of China in 2015. Chin. J. Pediatr., 56, 192\u2013199."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2010.511540","article-title":"Comparative nephrotoxicitiy induced by melamine, cyanuric acid, or a mixture of both chemicals in either Sprague-Dawley rats or renal cell lines","volume":"73","author":"Choi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2009.05.004","article-title":"Toxicological analysis points to a lower tolerable daily intake of melamine in food","volume":"55","author":"Hsieh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2022, January 08). Melamine Contamination in China; Food and Drug Administration: Rockville, MD, USA, 6 December 2008, Available online: http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/oc\/opacom\/hottopics\/melamine.html#update."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.02.089","article-title":"Melamine and its derivatives in dog and cat urine: An exposure assessment study","volume":"238","author":"Karthikraj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.135599","article-title":"Exposure to melamine and its derivatives and aromatic amines among pregnant women in the United States: The ECHO Program","volume":"307","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030500135243","article-title":"Survey of the migration of melamine and formaldehyde from melamine food contact articles available on the UK market","volume":"22","author":"Bradley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. A"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2010.536168","article-title":"Survey of counterfeit melamine tableware available on the market in Thailand, and its migration","volume":"28","author":"Poovarodom","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control Expo. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2010.513339","article-title":"Comparison of the migration of melamine from melamine-formaldehyde plastics (\u2018melaware\u2019) into various food simulants and foods themselves","volume":"27","author":"Bradley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. A"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"European Commission (2011). (EU) No 10\/2011 Plastic Materials and Articles Intended to Come into Contact with Food. Off. J. Eur. Union. L, 328, 22\u201329."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2009). National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China. Hygienic Standard for Melamine-Formaldehyde Products Used as Food Containers and Packaging Materials (Standard No. GB 9690-2009)."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2014.07.036","article-title":"Hydrogen-bonding recognition-induced aggregation of gold nanoparticles for the determination of the migration of melamine monomers using dynamic light scattering","volume":"845","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2011.576401","article-title":"Analysis of melamine migration from melamine food contact articles","volume":"28","author":"Chik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control Expo. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2014.951592","article-title":"Nephrotoxic Potential and Toxicokinetics of Melamine Combined with Cyanuric Acid in Rats","volume":"77","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.10.038","article-title":"Melamine and cyanuric acid exposure and kidney injury in US children","volume":"171","author":"Sathyanarayana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2009.16","article-title":"Melamine nephrotoxicity: An emerging epidemic in an era of globalization","volume":"75","author":"Bhalla","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfq333","article-title":"Dose-Response Assessment of Nephrotoxicity from a 7-Day Combined Exposure to Melamine and Cyanuric Acid in F344 Rats","volume":"119","author":"Jacob","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2016.08.013","article-title":"Melamine and cyanuric acid co-exposure causes renal dysfunction and structural damage via MAPKs and mitochondrial signaling","volume":"96","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.3109\/10715762.2015.1061187","article-title":"Anti-nephrolithic potential of catechin in melamine-related urolithiasis via the inhibition of ROS, apoptosis, phospho-p38, and osteopontin in male Sprague-Dawley rats","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F199","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00609.2017","article-title":"Combination exposure of melamine and cyanuric acid is associated with polyuria and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in rats","volume":"315","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Ren."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2015). Reasoned opinion on the modification of the existing MRLs for cyromazine in various leaf vegetables and fresh herbs. EFSA J., 13, 4004.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2015.4004"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-009-1225-7","article-title":"Melamine exposure assessment in children with nephrolithiasis","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."}],"container-title":["Toxics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/12\/2\/143\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:58:05Z","timestamp":1760104685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/12\/2\/143"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["toxics12020143"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics12020143","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6304"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2305-6304","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]]}}}