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However, as the molecular mechanism of action of these compounds remains unknown, it is difficult to predict how they would affect non-target insects; thus, their innocuity needs to be clarified. Here, we investigate, from the molecular level to the organism, the responses of a useful parasitic insect Nasonia vitripennis (Walker, 1836) being exposed at the pupae stage for 48 h (up to 6 days) to sublethal doses (5 \u00b5g\/L and 500 \u00b5g\/L) of 2-Dodecanone. 2-Dodecanone altered the gene expression of genes related to ecdysone-related pathways, biotransformation, and cell homeostasis. A significant induction of ecdysone response-genes (EcR, usp, E78, Hr4, Hr38) was detected, despite no significant differences in ecdysteroid levels. Regarding the cell homeostasis processes, the gene l(2)efl was differentially altered in both experimental conditions, and a dose-dependent induction of hex81 was observed. 2-Dodecanone also triggered an induction of Cyp6aQ5 activity. Finally, 2-Dodecanone exposure had a significant effect on neither development time, energy reserves, nor egg-laying capacity; no potential genotoxicity was detected. For the first time, this study shows evidence that 2-Dodecanone can modulate gene expression and interfere with the ecdysone signalling pathway in N. vitripennis. This could lead to potential endocrine alterations and highlight the suitability of this organism to improve our general understanding of the molecular effects of plant defences in insects. Our findings provide new insights into the toxicity of 2-Dodecanone that could potentially be explored in other species and under field conditions for plant protection and pest management as a means to reduce reliance on synthetic pesticides.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12020159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T04:39:36Z","timestamp":1708317576000},"page":"159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Unveiling Molecular Effects of the Secondary Metabolite 2-Dodecanone in the Model Hymenopteran Nasonia vitripennis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Rosario","family":"Planell\u00f3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Entomology, Biomarkers and Environmental Stress Group, Faculty of Science, National Distance education University (UNED), 28232 Las Rozas de Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Aquilino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Entomology, Biomarkers and Environmental Stress Group, Faculty of Science, National Distance education University (UNED), 28232 Las Rozas de Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laureen","family":"Beaugeard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l\u2019Insecte (IRBI), CNRS-Universit\u00e9 de Tours, 37200 Tours, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lola","family":"Llorente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Entomology, Biomarkers and Environmental Stress Group, Faculty of Science, National Distance education University (UNED), 28232 Las Rozas de Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1410-368X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d3scar","family":"Herrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Entomology, Biomarkers and Environmental Stress Group, Faculty of Science, National Distance education University (UNED), 28232 Las Rozas de Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6548-0370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Siaussat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, Department of Sensory Ecology, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7339-9185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"L\u00e9cureuil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l\u2019Insecte (IRBI), CNRS-Universit\u00e9 de Tours, 37200 Tours, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"315","article-title":"Adverse effects of pesticides and related chemicals on enzyme and hormone systems of fish, amphibians and reptiles: A review","volume":"42","author":"Khan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. 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