{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T20:05:38Z","timestamp":1790021138818,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundations of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22076031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22076031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundations of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22376038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22376038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundations of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MMGCIRI-2022YFJH-Y-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MMGCIRI-2022YFJH-Y-006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Project of the Maoming Green Chemical Industry Research Institute","award":["22076031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22076031"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Project of the Maoming Green Chemical Industry Research Institute","award":["22376038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22376038"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Project of the Maoming Green Chemical Industry Research Institute","award":["MMGCIRI-2022YFJH-Y-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MMGCIRI-2022YFJH-Y-006"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for the Tropical Ocean Environment in Western Coastal Water","award":["22076031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22076031"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for the Tropical Ocean Environment in Western Coastal Water","award":["22376038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22376038"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for the Tropical Ocean Environment in Western Coastal Water","award":["MMGCIRI-2022YFJH-Y-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MMGCIRI-2022YFJH-Y-006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are frequently used as flame retardants and plasticizers in various commercial products. While initially considered as substitutes for brominated flame retardants, they have faced restrictions in some countries due to their toxic effects on organisms. We collected 37 soil and crop samples in 20 cities along the coast of South China, and OPEs were detected in all of them. Meanwhile, we studied the contamination and potential human health risks of OPEs. In soil samples, the combined concentrations of eight OPEs varied between 74.7 and 410 ng\/g, averaging at 255 ng\/g. Meanwhile, in plant samples, the collective concentrations of eight OPEs ranged from 202 to 751 ng\/g, with an average concentration of 381 ng\/g. TDCIPP, TCPP, TCEP, and ToCP were the main OPE compounds in both plant and soil samples. Within the study area, the contaminants showed different spatial distributions. Notably, higher OPEs were found in coastal agricultural soils in Guangdong Province and crops in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The results of an ecological risk assessment show that the farmland soil along the southern coast of China is at high or medium ecological risk. The average non-carcinogenic risk and the carcinogenic risk of OPEs in soil through ingestion and dermal exposure routes are within acceptable levels. Meanwhile, this study found that the dietary intake of OPEs through food is relatively low, but twice as high as other studies, requiring serious attention. The research findings suggest that the human risk assessment indicates potential adverse effects on human health due to OPEs in the soil\u2013plant system along the coast of South China. This study provides a crucial foundation for managing safety risks in agricultural operations involving OPEs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12040286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T08:08:12Z","timestamp":1713168492000},"page":"286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Distribution and Risk Assessment of Organophosphate Esters in Agricultural Soils and Plants in the Coastal Areas of South China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Wangxing","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China"},{"name":"Iron Man Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., Foshan 528000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyu","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahui","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haochuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haijun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingjiang","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianteng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2014.09.012","article-title":"Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers: Sources, occurrence, toxicity and human exposure","volume":"196","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. 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