{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T18:54:11Z","timestamp":1793040851249,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,29]],"date-time":"2024-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"construction project Dominant Characteristic Discipline (Ecology)","award":["2022217001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022217001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Micro- and nano-plastics (MNPs) are ubiquitously distributed in the environment, infiltrate organisms through multiple pathways, and accumulate, thus posing potential threats to human health. MNP exposure elicits changes in microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), thereby precipitating immune, neurological, and other toxic effects. The investigation of MNP exposure and its effect on miRNA expression has garnered increasing attention. Following MNP exposure, circRNAs serve as miRNA sponges by modulating gene expression, while lncRNAs function as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) by fine-tuning target gene expression and consequently impacting protein translation and physiological processes in cells. Dysregulated miRNA expression mediates mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress, thereby increasing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. This tract, blood, urine, feces, placenta, and review delves into the biotoxicity arising from dysregulated miRNA expression due to MNP exposure and addresses the challenges encountered in this field. This study provides novel insights into the connections between MNPs and disease risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12070475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T10:14:46Z","timestamp":1719828886000},"page":"475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Research Progress on Micro (Nano)Plastics Exposure-Induced miRNA-Mediated Biotoxicity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ting","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qizhuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changyong","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0408-0218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renyi","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abe5041","article-title":"Microplastics and Human Health","volume":"371","author":"Vethaak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10777","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b04140","article-title":"Are Agricultural Soils Dumps for Microplastics of Urban Origin?","volume":"50","author":"Nizzetto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121235","article-title":"Microplastics in Agricultural Soils in China: Sources, Impacts and Solutions","volume":"322","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-020-00358-y","article-title":"The Plastic Brain: Neurotoxicity of Micro- and Nanoplastics","volume":"17","author":"Meijer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, W., Jannatun, N., Zeng, Y., Liu, T., Zhang, G., Chen, C., and Li, Y. (2022). Impacts of Microplastics on Immunity. Front. Toxicol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2022.956885"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2023.104136","article-title":"Polystyrene Microplastics Mediate Inflammatory Responses in the Chicken Thymus by Nrf2\/NF-\u03baB Pathway and Trigger Autophagy and Apoptosis","volume":"100","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116255","article-title":"Exposure to Polystyrene Nanoplastics Induces Abnormal Activation of Innate Immunity via the cGAS-STING Pathway","volume":"275","author":"Xuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"231","article-title":"Present and Future Opportunities in the Use of Atomic Force Microscopy to Address the Physico-Chemical Properties of Aquatic Ecosystems at the Nanoscale Level","volume":"14","author":"Marcuello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Aquatic Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116966","article-title":"Human Biomonitoring of Microplastics and Health Implications: A Review","volume":"237","author":"Zuri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.167406","article-title":"Embryonic Exposure of Polystyrene Nanoplastics Affects Cardiac Development","volume":"906","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110579","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-30155-x","article-title":"Polystyrene Nanoplastics Induce Apoptosis of Human Kidney Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells via Oxidative Stress and MAPK Signaling Pathways","volume":"30","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2370","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c10536","article-title":"Surface-Charge-Driven Ferroptosis and Mitochondrial Dysfunction Is Involved in Toxicity Diversity in the Marine Bivalve Exposed to Nanoplastics","volume":"18","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.128459","article-title":"Brain Single-Nucleus Transcriptomics Highlights That Polystyrene Nanoplastics Potentially Induce Parkinson\u2019s Disease-like Neurodegeneration by Causing Energy Metabolism Disorders in Mice","volume":"430","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3838","article-title":"Regulation of microRNA Biogenesis","volume":"15","author":"Ha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2017.08.002","article-title":"The New RNA World: Growing Evidence for Long Noncoding RNA Functionality","volume":"33","author":"Jandura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, X., Sui, Z., Zhang, H., Wang, Y., and Yu, Z. (2020). Integrated Analysis of lncRNA-Mediated ceRNA Network in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Front. Oncol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.554759"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapsimali, M., Kloosterman, W.P., de Bruijn, E., Rosa, F., Plasterk, R.H.A., and Wilson, S.W. (2007). MicroRNAs Show a Wide Diversity of Expression Profiles in the Developing and Mature Central Nervous System. Genome Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2007-8-8-r173"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107002","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP10255","article-title":"Evaluation of Neurotoxicity in BALB\/c Mice Following Chronic Exposure to Polystyrene Microplastics","volume":"130","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.113785","article-title":"Identification of ceRNA Network to Explain the Mechanism of Cognitive Dysfunctions Induced by PS NPs in Mice","volume":"241","author":"Chu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e427","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2012.165","article-title":"Dnmt1-Dependent DNA Methylation Is Essential for Photoreceptor Terminal Differentiation and Retinal Neuron Survival","volume":"3","author":"Rhee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2019.146515","article-title":"Exosomal miR-199a-5p Derived from Endothelial Cells Attenuates Apoptosis and Inflammation in Neural Cells by Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress","volume":"1726","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02107","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2107","article-title":"MiRNA-199a-5p Targets WNT2 to Regulate Depression through the CREB\/BDNF Signaling in Hippocampal Neuron","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx366","article-title":"MicroRNA132 Associated Multimodal Neuroimaging Patterns in Unmedicated Major Depressive Disorder","volume":"141","author":"Qi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9500","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.103223","article-title":"MiR-16-5p Regulates Postmenopausal Osteoporosis by Directly Targeting VEGFA","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.11.285","article-title":"A Potential microRNA Regulation of Immune-Related Genes in Invertebrate Haemocytes","volume":"621","author":"Cohen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.135321","article-title":"Whole Transcriptome Sequencing Analysis Revealed Key RNA Profiles and Toxicity in Mice after Chronic Exposure to Microplastics","volume":"304","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138852","article-title":"Immunotoxicity of Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Microplastics Alone or in Combination to a Bivalve Species: Synergic Impacts and Potential Toxication Mechanisms","volume":"728","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150817","article-title":"Microglial Phagocytosis of Polystyrene Microplastics Results in Immune Alteration and Apoptosis in Vitro and in Vivo","volume":"807","author":"Kwon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2023.109205","article-title":"Micro-Algal Astaxanthin Ameliorates Polystyrene Microplastics-Triggered Necroptosis and Inflammation by Mediating Mitochondrial Ca2+ Homeostasis in Carp\u2019s Head Kidney Lymphocytes (Cyprinus carpio L.)","volume":"143","author":"Diao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fish. Shellfish. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163512","article-title":"The Regulation of circRNA_kif26b on Alveolar Epithelial Cell Senescence via miR-346-3p Is Involved in Microplastics-Induced Lung Injuries","volume":"882","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5451","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27486","article-title":"An Overview of microRNAs: Biology, Functions, Therapeutics, and Analysis Methods","volume":"234","author":"Saliminejad","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134131","article-title":"Nanopolystyrene-Induced microRNAs Response in Caenorhabditis Elegans after Long-Term and Lose-Dose Exposure","volume":"697","author":"Qu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.129302","article-title":"Nanoplastics Cause Transgenerational Toxicity through Inhibiting Germline microRNA Mir-38 in C. Elegans","volume":"437","author":"Hua","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.122275","article-title":"Nano- and Micro-Polystyrene Plastics Interfered the Gut Barrier Function Mediated by Exosomal miRNAs in Rats","volume":"335","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107257","article-title":"Inhaled Tire-Wear Microplastic Particles Induced Pulmonary Fibrotic Injury via Epithelial Cytoskeleton Rearrangement","volume":"164","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TX00107J","article-title":"Coal Combustion Related Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Induces Toxicity in Caenorhabditis Elegans by Dysregulating microRNA Expression","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116098","article-title":"Polystyrene Microplastic-Induced Extracellular Vesicles Cause Kidney-Related Effects in the Crosstalk between Tubular Cells and Fibroblasts","volume":"273","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s11523-018-0551-8","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles As miRNA Nano-Shuttles: Dual Role in Tumor Progression","volume":"13","author":"Pucci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Target. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e52027","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.52027","article-title":"Optogenetic Control of Excitatory Post-Synaptic Differentiation through Neuroligin-1 Tyrosine Phosphorylation","volume":"9","author":"Letellier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2007-0342OC","article-title":"Disruption of P21 Attenuates Lung Inflammation Induced by Cigarette Smoke, LPS, and fMLP in Mice","volume":"39","author":"Yao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02646-5","article-title":"eIF4E Phosphorylation Mediated LPS Induced Depressive-like Behaviors via Ameliorated Neuroinflammation and Dendritic Loss","volume":"13","author":"Gong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larrue, R., Fellah, S., Van der Hauwaert, C., Hennino, M.-F., Perrais, M., Lionet, A., Glowacki, F., Pottier, N., and Cauffiez, C. (2022). The Versatile Role of miR-21 in Renal Homeostasis and Diseases. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11213525"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2013.110","article-title":"Negative Regulation of lncRNA GAS5 by miR-21","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2024.109375","article-title":"Polyethylene Microplastics Induced Inflammation via the miR-21\/IRAK4\/NF-\u03baB Axis Resulting to Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Apoptosis in Muscle of Carp","volume":"145","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fish. Shellfish. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-022-00970-9","article-title":"Long Noncoding RNA NEAT1 Promotes Ferroptosis by Modulating the miR-362-3p\/MIOX Axis as a ceRNA","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22946","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000022946","article-title":"The Correlation of Long Non-Coding RNA NEAT1 and Its Targets microRNA (miR)-21, miR-124, and miR-125a with Disease Risk, Severity, and Inflammation of Allergic Rhinitis","volume":"100","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, Y., Geng, G., Zhao, C., Gao, T., and Wei, B. (2022). LncRNA MEG3 Promotes Cisplatin Sensitivity of Cervical Cancer Cells by Regulating the miR-21\/PTEN Axis. BMC Cancer, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-022-10188-0"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2019.01.018","article-title":"LncRNA MEG3 Functions as a ceRNA in Regulating Hepatic Lipogenesis by Competitively Binding to miR-21 with LRP6","volume":"94","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2023.106780","article-title":"Polyethylene Microplastics Cause Apoptosis via the MiR-132\/CAPN Axis and Inflammation in Carp Ovarian","volume":"265","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3595","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-260323","article-title":"Noncoding RNAs, Cytokines, and Inflammation-Related Diseases","volume":"29","author":"Samblas","year":"2015","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chu, Q., Yan, X., Liu, L., and Xu, T. (2019). The Inducible microRNA-21 Negatively Modulates the Inflammatory Response in Teleost Fish via Targeting IRAK4. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01623"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"225re1","article-title":"Targeting miR-21 to Treat Psoriasis","volume":"6","author":"Schonthaler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8319283","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8319283","article-title":"TGF-\u03921\/Smads and miR-21 in Renal Fibrosis and Inflammation","volume":"2016","author":"Loboda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115273","DOI":"10.1080\/21688370.2022.2115273","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effects of Quercetin on the Cerebellum of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnoNps)-Exposed Rats","volume":"11","author":"Abdelrahman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tissue Barriers"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2012.01462.x","article-title":"MiR-21 Is up-Regulated in Psoriasis and Suppresses T Cell Apoptosis","volume":"21","author":"Meisgen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11193","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1019536108","article-title":"MicroRNA-155 as a Proinflammatory Regulator in Clinical and Experimental Arthritis","volume":"108","author":"Alivernini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kl\u00f6ting, N., Berthold, S., Kovacs, P., Sch\u00f6n, M.R., Fasshauer, M., Ruschke, K., Stumvoll, M., and Bl\u00fcher, M. (2009). MicroRNA Expression in Human Omental and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004699"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1978","article-title":"Effects of miR-132 on Proliferation and Apoptosis of Pancreatic Cancer Cells via Hedgehog Signaling Pathway","volume":"23","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1002\/em.20639","article-title":"Pulmonary Response to Surface-Coated Nanotitanium Dioxide Particles Includes Induction of Acute Phase Response Genes, Inflammatory Cascades, and Changes in microRNAs: A Toxicogenomic Study","volume":"52","author":"Halappanavar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Mol. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2023.5514","article-title":"Tumor Suppressive Functions of hsa-miR-34a on Cell Cycle, Migration and Protective Autophagy in Bladder Cancer","volume":"62","author":"Hwang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/13510002.2022.2102843","article-title":"miR-34a Induces Neutrophil Apoptosis by Regulating Cdc42-WASP-Arp2\/3 Pathway-Mediated F-Actin Remodeling and ROS Production","volume":"27","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Redox Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.122723","article-title":"PS-MPs or Their Co-Exposure with Cadmium Impair Male Reproductive Function through the miR-199a-5p\/HIF-1\u03b1-Mediated Ferroptosis Pathway","volume":"339","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4187","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.70312","article-title":"miR-199a-3p\/5p Regulate Tumorgenesis via Targeting Rheb in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2022.06.003","article-title":"MicroRNA-124-3p-Enriched Small Extracellular Vesicles as a Therapeutic Approach for Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"30","author":"Esteves","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.10.004","article-title":"miR-122--a Key Factor and Therapeutic Target in Liver Disease","volume":"62","author":"Bandiera","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-019-0085-2","article-title":"miR-122 Promotes Hepatic Lipogenesis via Inhibiting the LKB1\/AMPK Pathway by Targeting Sirt1 in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"25","author":"Long","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastrohep.2022.12.003","article-title":"Adipocytes-Derived Exosomal miR-122 Promotes Non-Alcoholic Fat Liver Disease Progression via Targeting Sirt1","volume":"46","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, G.R. (2018). The Balance of Th17 versus Treg Cells in Autoimmunity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030730"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI74347","article-title":"MicroRNA-21 Promotes Th17 Differentiation and Mediates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis","volume":"125","author":"Murugaiyan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-022-03174-7","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosome-Educated Macrophages Alleviate Systemic Lupus Erythematosus by Promoting Efferocytosis and Recruitment of IL-17+ Regulatory T Cell","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.13410","article-title":"Elevated Expression of miR-21 and miR-155 in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells as Potential Biomarkers for Lupus Nephritis","volume":"22","author":"Khoshmirsafa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2016.12.005","article-title":"Estrogen-Regulated STAT1 Activation Promotes TLR8 Expression to Facilitate Signaling via microRNA-21 in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"176","author":"Young","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.5507\/bp.2016.004","article-title":"MicroRNAs in the Key Events of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Pathogenesis","volume":"160","author":"Husakova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Pap. Med. Fac. Univ. Palacky. Olomouc Czech Repub."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.3109\/14397595.2015.1023887","article-title":"MicroRNA-124 Involves in Ankylosing Spondylitis by Targeting ANTXR2","volume":"25","author":"Xia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."}],"container-title":["Toxics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/12\/7\/475\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:07:58Z","timestamp":1760108878000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/12\/7\/475"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,29]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["toxics12070475"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics12070475","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6304"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2305-6304","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,29]]}}}