{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:56:03Z","timestamp":1792806963285,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Project of Hangzhou Normal University","award":["2024JCXK02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JCXK02"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/014v1mr15","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Project of Hangzhou Normal University","award":["SEPKL-EHIAEC-202201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SEPKL-EHIAEC-202201"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/014v1mr15","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants","award":["2024JCXK02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JCXK02"]}]},{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants","award":["SEPKL-EHIAEC-202201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SEPKL-EHIAEC-202201"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of human and veterinary drugs has led to the accumulation of pharmaceuticals in various aquatic environments at progressively increasing levels, exhibiting strong ecological risks. Metformin is widely used as a first-line prescription drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus as well as a livestock drug. Unlike other drugs, metformin is not metabolized in the body, and almost all of its intake is excreted and released into the aquatic environment via urine and feces, causing adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems. This review provides an overview of the occurrence and detection of metformin in the aquatic environment and its toxic effects on different aquatic organisms (fish, daphnia, rotifers, chlorella). Metformin has been documented in a variety of aqueous environments such as wastewater, surface water, and groundwater as well as drinking water. The wide distribution of metformin in the aqueous environment calls for the development of more accurate detection methods. This paper reviews detection methods for metformin in the aqueous environment and evaluates their advantages and disadvantages. Toxicity studies have shown that metformin can cause adverse reactions in fish, such as oxidative stress, genotoxicity, disruption of intestinal flora, and morphological alterations; it also affects the growth and reproduction of small aquatic organisms. Knowledge gaps in the field of metformin research were assessed, and future research priorities were identified.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12070483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T05:08:34Z","timestamp":1719896914000},"page":"483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Metformin as an Emerging Pollutant in the Aquatic Environment: Occurrence, Analysis, and Toxicity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yueyue","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongjian","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4169-3168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiquan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"},{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai Academy of Environment Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zirui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranyun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiafeng","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenbing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binhao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hangjun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"},{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai Academy of Environment Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2020.07.006","article-title":"Metformin and COVID-19: From cellular mechanisms to reduced mortality","volume":"46","author":"Scheen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2022.155223","article-title":"Metformin: Is it a drug for all reasons and diseases?","volume":"133","author":"Triggle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metab.-Clin. 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