{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:45:05Z","timestamp":1791233105342,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agence Nationale pour la Recherche","award":["R19162DD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R19162DD"]}]},{"name":"Agence Nationale pour la Recherche","award":["R19084DD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R19084DD"]}]},{"name":"I For Lyme","award":["R19162DD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R19162DD"]}]},{"name":"I For Lyme","award":["R19084DD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R19084DD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Macrophagic myofasciitis (MMF) is an inflammatory histopathological lesion demonstrating long-term biopersistence of vaccine-derived aluminum adjuvants within muscular phagocytic cells. Affected patients suffer from widespread myalgia and severe fatigue consistent with myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME\/CFS), a poorly understood disorder suspected to result from chronic immune stimulation by infectious and inorganic particles. (2) Methods: In this study we determined the immuno-metabolic properties of MMF phagocytic cells compared to controls, at rest and upon exposure to aluminum oxyhydroxide adjuvant, with or without adsorbed antigens, using protein quantification and an oxygen consumption assay. (3) Results: MMF and control cells similarly internalized the adjuvant and vaccine but MMF cells specifically expressed Rubicon and Nox2, two molecules unique to the LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) machinery, a non-canonical autophagic pathway able to downregulate canonical autophagy. MMF cells exhibited an altered inflammatory secretome, producing more pain-inducing CXC chemokines and less TNF-\u03b1 than controls, consistent with chronic myalgia and exhaustion of the immune system previously documented in ME\/CFS. MMF cells exhibited mitochondrial metabolism dysfunction, with exacerbated reaction to adjuvanted vaccine, contrasting with limited spare respiratory capacity and marked proton leak weakening energy production. (4) Conclusions: MMF phagocytes seemingly use LAP to handle aluminum oxyhydroxide vaccine particles, secrete pain-inducing molecules, and exhibit exacerbated metabolic reaction to the vaccine with limited capacity to respond to ongoing energetic requests.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12070491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T06:28:54Z","timestamp":1720074534000},"page":"491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Widespread Myalgia and Chronic Fatigue: Phagocytes from Macrophagic Myofasciitis Patients Exposed to Aluminum Oxyhydroxide-Adjuvanted Vaccine Exhibit Specific Inflammatory, Autophagic, and Mitochondrial Responses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6861-9967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Daniel","family":"Masson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 Et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale, Universit\u00e9 Paris Est Cr\u00e9teil, F-94010 Creteil, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghidaa","family":"Badran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 Et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale, Universit\u00e9 Paris Est Cr\u00e9teil, F-94010 Creteil, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romain K.","family":"Gherardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 Et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale, Universit\u00e9 Paris Est Cr\u00e9teil, F-94010 Creteil, France"},{"name":"H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Service d\u2019Histologie\/Centre Expert de Pathologie Neuromusculaire, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, F-94010 Creteil, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0182-2052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fran\u00e7ois-J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Authier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 Et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale, Universit\u00e9 Paris Est Cr\u00e9teil, F-94010 Creteil, France"},{"name":"H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Service d\u2019Histologie\/Centre Expert de Pathologie Neuromusculaire, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, F-94010 Creteil, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillemette","family":"Cr\u00e9peaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 Et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale, Universit\u00e9 Paris Est Cr\u00e9teil, F-94010 Creteil, France"},{"name":"Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale, F-94700 Maisons Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine Committee on the Diagnostic Criteria for ME\/CFS (2015). Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis\/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-018-1644-y","article-title":"European Network on ME\/CFS (EUROMENE) Chronic Viral Infections in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis\/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME\/CFS)","volume":"16","author":"Rasa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"707","article-title":"Valacyclovir Treatment in Epstein-Barr Virus Subset Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Thirty-Six Months Follow-Up","volume":"21","author":"Lerner","year":"2007","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e048391","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-048391","article-title":"Multiorgan Impairment in Low-Risk Individuals with Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: A Prospective, Community-Based Study","volume":"11","author":"Dennis","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-0172(94)90102-3","article-title":"Siliconosis: A Spectrum of Illness","volume":"24","author":"Borenstein","year":"1994","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.05.006","article-title":"Myalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Following Immunization: Macrophagic Myofasciitis and Animal Studies Support Linkage to Aluminum Adjuvant Persistency and Diffusion in the Immune System","volume":"18","author":"Gherardi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102979","article-title":"ASIA (Shoenfeld\u2019s Syndrome) Due to Hysteroscopic Essure Sterilization","volume":"20","author":"Chauhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"10","article-title":"Replication of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses in Aluminum Hydroxide-Induced Granulomas in Sheep: A Potential New Factor for Viral Dissemination","volume":"95","author":"Reina","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s13317-019-0122-8","article-title":"HERV-K and HERV-W Transcriptional Activity in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis\/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2019","journal-title":"Auto Immun. Highlights"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)91440-6","article-title":"Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Clinical Condition Associated with Immune Activation","volume":"338","author":"Landay","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet Lond. Engl."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1400121","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1400121","article-title":"Distinct Plasma Immune Signatures in ME\/CFS Are Present Early in the Course of Illness","volume":"1","author":"Hornig","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10740","article-title":"Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Patients with Macrophagic Myofasciitis","volume":"48","author":"Authier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2011.07.012","article-title":"The Common Immunogenic Etiology of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: From Infections to Vaccines via Adjuvants to the ASIA Syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Rosenblum","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2023.103287","article-title":"Autoimmune\/Inflammatory Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants (ASIA) in 2023","volume":"22","author":"Jara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.9.1821","article-title":"Macrophagic Myofasciitis Lesions Assess Long-Term Persistence of Vaccine-Derived Aluminium Hydroxide in Muscle","volume":"124","author":"Gherardi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2006.02.004","article-title":"AlOH3-Adjuvanted Vaccine-Induced Macrophagic Myofasciitis in Rats Is Influenced by the Genetic Background","volume":"16","author":"Authier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuromuscul. Disord. NMD"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1999). Macrophagic Myofasciitis and Aluminum-Containing Vaccines. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec., 74, 338\u2013340."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2017.12.015","article-title":"Critical Analysis of Reference Studies on the Toxicokinetics of Aluminum-Based Adjuvants","volume":"181","author":"Masson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1080\/10408444.2022.2105688","article-title":"Clearance, Biodistribution, and Neuromodulatory Effects of Aluminum-Based Adjuvants. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: What Do We Learn from Animal Studies?","volume":"52","author":"Masson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3198","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-30336-1","article-title":"Advances on the Early Cellular Events Occurring upon Exposure of Human Macrophages to Aluminum Oxyhydroxide Adjuvant","volume":"13","author":"Masson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27183","article-title":"Muscle Resident Macrophages Control the Immune Cell Reaction in a Mouse Model of Notexin-Induced Myoinjury","volume":"62","author":"Brigitte","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1631","article-title":"Silica Crystals and Aluminum Salts Activate the NALP3 Inflammasome through Phagosomal Destabilization","volume":"9","author":"Hornung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)02326-5","article-title":"Macrophagic Myofasciitis: An Emerging Entity","volume":"352","author":"Gherardi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-9-20","article-title":"Autophagy and Lysosomal Dysfunction as Emerging Mechanisms of Nanomaterial Toxicity","volume":"9","author":"Stern","year":"2012","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jcs222984","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.222984","article-title":"LC3-Associated Phagocytosis at a Glance","volume":"132","author":"Heckmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"635","article-title":"LAP (LC3-associated phagocytosis): Phagocytosis or autophagy?","volume":"35","author":"Galais","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Sci. M\/S"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2013.08.003","article-title":"Aluminium Based Adjuvants and Their Effects on Mitochondria and Lysosomes of Phagocytosing Cells","volume":"128","author":"Ohlsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2009.03.005","article-title":"Novel Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Induction of Immune Responses by Aluminum Adjuvants","volume":"30","author":"Aimanianda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1080\/17435390.2021.2011974","article-title":"Engineered Aluminum Nanoparticle Induces Mitochondrial Deformation and Is Predicated on Cell Phenotype","volume":"15","author":"Lujan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2012.729160","article-title":"Aluminium Oxide Nanoparticles Induce Mitochondrial-Mediated Oxidative Stress and Alter the Expression of Antioxidant Enzymes in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"30","author":"Alshatwi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20170503","article-title":"Metabolic Abnormalities in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome\/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis: A Mini-Review","volume":"46","author":"Tomas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, Z., Combadiere, C., Authier, F.-J., Itier, V., Lux, F., Exley, C., Mahrouf-Yorgov, M., Decrouy, X., Moretto, P., and Tillement, O. (2013). Slow CCL2-Dependent Translocation of Biopersistent Particles from Muscle to Brain. BMC Med., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-99"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2015.07.004","article-title":"Highly Delayed Systemic Translocation of Aluminum-Based Adjuvant in CD1 Mice Following Intramuscular Injections","volume":"152","author":"Eidi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2016.11.018","article-title":"Non-Linear Dose-Response of Aluminium Hydroxide Adjuvant Particles: Selective Low Dose Neurotoxicity","volume":"375","author":"Eidi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eidi, H., David, M.-O., Cr\u00e9peaux, G., Henry, L., Joshi, V., Berger, M.-H., Sennour, M., Cadusseau, J., Gherardi, R.K., and Curmi, P.A. (2015). Fluorescent Nanodiamonds as a Relevant Tag for the Assessment of Alum Adjuvant Particle Biodisposition. BMC Med., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-015-0388-2"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E6808","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1501372112","article-title":"CD11b+Ly6G\u2212 Myeloid Cells Mediate Mechanical Inflammatory Pain Hypersensitivity","volume":"112","author":"Ghasemlou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2004.03514.x","article-title":"Complete Freunds Adjuvant-Induced Peripheral Inflammation Evokes Glial Activation and Proinflammatory Cytokine Expression in the CNS","volume":"20","author":"Raghavendra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2009.03.079","article-title":"Chronic Brain Inflammation Impairs Two Forms of Long-Term Potentiation in the Rat Hippocampal CA1 Area","volume":"456","author":"Min","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"132","article-title":"Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Aluminum Hydroxide-Induced Macrophagic Myofasciitis: A Reappraisal of Neuropsychological Profile","volume":"181","author":"Kauv","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2019.04.003","article-title":"Macrophagic Myofasciitis-Associated Dysfunctioning: An Update of Neuropsychological and Neuroimaging Features","volume":"32","author":"Abrivard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.06.064","article-title":"Physico-Chemical Properties of Aluminum Adjuvants in Vaccines: Implications for Toxicological Evaluation","volume":"40","author":"Badran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2015.04.008","article-title":"Al Adjuvants Can Be Tracked in Viable Cells by Lumogallion Staining","volume":"422","author":"Mile","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2075","article-title":"Icy: An Open Bioimage Informatics Platform for Extended Reproducible Research","volume":"9","author":"Dallongeville","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2020.1797280","article-title":"Guidelines for the Use and Interpretation of Assays for Monitoring Autophagy (4th Edition)","volume":"17","author":"Klionsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089","article-title":"NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 Years of Image Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salin, K., Auer, S.K., Rey, B., Selman, C., and Metcalfe, N.B. (2015). Variation in the Link between Oxygen Consumption and ATP Production, and Its Relevance for Animal Performance. Proc. Biol. Sci., 282.","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2015.1028"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20090934","article-title":"Importance of the Bioenergetic Reserve Capacity in Response to Cardiomyocyte Stress Induced by 4-Hydroxynonenal","volume":"424","author":"Hill","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2022, April 01). The Jamovi Project Jamovi (Version 1.6) [Computer Software]. Available online: https:\/\/www.jamovi.org."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.4161\/15548627.2014.984277","article-title":"V-ATPase and Osmotic Imbalances Activate Endolysosomal LC3 Lipidation","volume":"11","author":"Florey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2018.1474314","article-title":"Chloroquine Inhibits Autophagic Flux by Decreasing Autophagosome-Lysosome Fusion","volume":"14","author":"Mauthe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2011.01581.x","article-title":"Mycobacterium Marinum Induces a Marked LC3 Recruitment to Its Containing Phagosome That Depends on a Functional ESX-1 Secretion System","volume":"13","author":"Lerena","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2013.10.012","article-title":"Noncanonical Autophagy: One Small Step for LC3, One Giant Leap for Immunity","volume":"26","author":"Mehta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb3197","article-title":"Rubicon Swaps Autophagy for LAP","volume":"17","author":"Boyle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.14354","article-title":"Rubicon: LC3-Associated Phagocytosis and Beyond","volume":"285","author":"Wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1991.tb12502.x","article-title":"Interleukin-8 as a Mediator of Sympathetic Pain","volume":"104","author":"Cunha","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2014.05.014","article-title":"Chemokine CXCL1 Enhances Inflammatory Pain and Increases NMDA Receptor Activity and COX-2 Expression in Spinal Cord Neurons via Activation of CXCR2","volume":"261","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2005.08.001","article-title":"Chemokines, Chemokine Receptors and Pain","volume":"26","author":"Abbadie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2779","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20941-w","article-title":"Value of Circulating Cytokine Profiling During Submaximal Exercise Testing in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis\/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Moneghetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E7150","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1710519114","article-title":"Cytokine Signature Associated with Disease Severity in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Patients","volume":"114","author":"Montoya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425915602959","article-title":"Altered Release of Chemokines by Phagocytes from Fibromyalgia Patients: A Pilot Study","volume":"22","year":"2016","journal-title":"Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.12399","article-title":"Serum Immune Proteins in Moderate and Severe Chronic Fatigue Syndrome\/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis Patients","volume":"12","author":"Hardcastle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/40.7.743","article-title":"Cytokines Play an Aetiopathogenetic Role in Fibromyalgia: A Hypothesis and Pilot Study","volume":"40","author":"Wallace","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"1366","article-title":"Circulating Cytokine Levels Compared to Pain in Patients with Fibromyalgia -- a Prospective Longitudinal Study over 6 Months","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2011.01179.x","article-title":"MCP-1 and IL-8 as Pain Biomarkers in Fibromyalgia: A Pilot Study","volume":"12","author":"Ang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1159\/000341664","article-title":"Inflammatory\/Stress Feedback Dysregulation in Women with Fibromyalgia","volume":"19","author":"Bote","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2015.11.011","article-title":"IL-8 and IL-6 Primarily Mediate the Inflammatory Response in Fibromyalgia Patients","volume":"290","author":"Mendieta","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russell, L., Broderick, G., Taylor, R., Fernandes, H., Harvey, J., Barnes, Z., Smylie, A., Collado, F., Balbin, E.G., and Katz, B.Z. (2016). Illness Progression in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Shifting Immune Baseline. BMC Immunol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-016-0142-3"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2014.03.004","article-title":"Role for Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 in the Induction of Chronic Muscle Pain in the Rat","volume":"155","author":"Alvarez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.2174\/09298673113206660287","article-title":"Selective Elevation of Circulating CCL2\/MCP1 Levels in Patients with Longstanding Post-Vaccinal Macrophagic Myofasciitis and ASIA","volume":"21","author":"Cadusseau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2020.100067","article-title":"MCP-1 Is Increased in Patients with CFS and FM, Whilst Several Other Immune Markers Are Significantly Lower than Healthy Controls","volume":"4","author":"Groven","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun. Health"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032712-100022","article-title":"The Formation and Function of Granulomas","volume":"36","author":"Ramakrishnan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/35006097","article-title":"Control of TH2 Polarization by the Chemokine Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1","volume":"404","author":"Gu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-019-0388-6","article-title":"Myalgic Encephalomyelitis or Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: How Could the Illness Develop?","volume":"34","author":"Morris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"E5472","article-title":"Metabolic Features of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome","volume":"113","author":"Naviaux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1219855","article-title":"Mitochondrial Fission, Fusion, and Stress","volume":"337","author":"Youle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paardekooper, L.M., Dingjan, I., Linders, P.T.A., Staal, A.H.J., Cristescu, S.M., Verberk, W.C.E.P., and van den Bogaart, G. (2019). Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells Produce Millimolar Concentrations of ROS in Phagosomes Per Second. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01216"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25920","DOI":"10.1002\/qua.25920","article-title":"Effect of Aluminum Vacancies on the H2O2 or H2O Interaction with a Gamma-AlOOH Surface. A Solid-State DFT Study","volume":"119","author":"Medvedev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Quantum Chem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2004.04.012","article-title":"Blood Oxidative Stress Status in Patients with Macrophagic Myofasciitis","volume":"58","author":"Teixeira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother. Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.10.008","article-title":"Mitochondrial Signal Transduction","volume":"34","author":"Picard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Metab."}],"container-title":["Toxics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/12\/7\/491\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:10:08Z","timestamp":1760109008000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/12\/7\/491"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["toxics12070491"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics12070491","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6304"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2305-6304","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]]}}}