{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T04:02:54Z","timestamp":1791259374827,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Environment","award":["ME24001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ME24001"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Environment","award":["RS-2021-KE001637"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2021-KE001637"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Environment","award":["PK2402A4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PK2402A4"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been shown to act as precursors of secondary organic particles that react with ultraviolet rays in the atmosphere and contribute to photochemical smog, global warming, odor, and human health risks, highlighting the importance of VOC management. In this study, we measured VOC concentrations in various contexts including industrial and residential areas of Bucheon, Korea, through mobile laboratory and proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry methods to determine winter VOC concentrations and visualized the data based on spatial information. Regional characteristics, temperature\/humidity, atmospheric conditions, wind speed, traffic volume, etc., during the measurement period of the study site were comprehensively reviewed. For this purpose, global information system (GIS)-based air quality data and various environmental variables were comprehensively reviewed to assess spatial and temporal concentrations in three dimensions rather than in tables and graphs. Among VOCs, the levels of toluene, methanol, and n + i-butene were relatively high, with average concentrations of 48.3 \u00b1 67.2, 34.4 \u00b1 102.7, and 32.6 \u00b1 57.7 ppb, respectively, at the end of the working day. The highest concentrations occurred near the Ojeong Industrial Complex. Mobile pollution sources are also a major driver of VOCs, highlighting the necessity of comprehensively reviewing traffic variables such as road level, estimated traffic volume, and average speed when identifying hotspots of air pollution. GIS-based visualization analysis techniques will improve the efficiency of air quality management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12070511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T15:17:06Z","timestamp":1721056626000},"page":"511","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["GIS-Based Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds in Bucheon, Korea, Using Mobile Laboratory and Proton-Transfer-Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Methods"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3156-6114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minkyeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Railroad Test & Certification Division, Korea Railroad Research Institute (KRRI), Cheoldo Bangmulgwanro, Uiwang-si 16105, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7412-0187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daeho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environemtnal Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung-Young","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Andong Science College 189, Seoseon-gil, Seohu-myeon, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Andong-si 36616, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5871-2049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duckshin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Transporation Innovation Research Center, Korea Railroad Research Institute (KRRI), Cheoldo Bangmulgwanro, Uiwang-si 16105, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Environment (2024, July 03). 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