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Although the causes of thyroid dysfunction are complex, the presence of environmental pollutants, especially certain pesticides as established mutagens, has been widely accepted. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have similar toxic reactions and signal transduction pathways to humans and are very similar to humans in physiology, development, and metabolic function. Here, the direct toxicity effects and mechanisms of different insecticides and herbicides on zebrafish thyroid functions and indirect toxicity effects originating from thyroid dysfunction were summarized and compared. The overall toxicity of insecticides on the zebrafish thyroid was greater than that of herbicides based on effective concentrations. Penpropathrin and atrazine were more typical thyroid disruptors than other pesticides. Meanwhile, chiral pesticides showed more sophisticated single\/combined toxicity effects on both parental and offspring zebrafish. Besides thyroid hormone levels and HPT axis-related gene expression alteration, developmental toxicity, immunotoxicity, and oxidative damage effects were all observed. These data are necessary for understanding the thyroid interference effect of pesticides on humans and for screening for thyroid disruptors in surface water with zebrafish models for the pre-assessment of human health risks and ecological risk control in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12080570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T13:57:28Z","timestamp":1722866248000},"page":"570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effects of Insecticide and Herbicides on Thyroid Disturbances in Zebrafish"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1470-2946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tingting","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resource Environment & Tourism, Hubei University of Arts & Science, Xiangyang 441053, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 211135, China"},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, Hubei University of Arts & Science, Xiangyang 441053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangji","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resource Environment & Tourism, Hubei University of Arts & Science, Xiangyang 441053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Rainfine Environmental Science & Technology Co. Ltd., Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resource Environment & Tourism, Hubei University of Arts & Science, Xiangyang 441053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongming","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 211135, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"A Role of Thyroid Hormones in Acute Myocardial Infarction: An Update","volume":"19","author":"Rabia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. 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