{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T14:09:34Z","timestamp":1768831774493,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]],"date-time":"2024-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Diversity Supplement","award":["R01ES027078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES027078"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Diversity Supplement","award":["R01NS130722"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS130722"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","award":["R01ES027078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES027078"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","award":["R01NS130722"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS130722"]}]},{"name":"Purdue University Institute for Drug Discovery, Institute for Integrative Neuroscience","award":["R01ES027078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES027078"]}]},{"name":"Purdue University Institute for Drug Discovery, Institute for Integrative Neuroscience","award":["R01NS130722"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS130722"]}]},{"name":"Purdue University Center for the Environment","award":["R01ES027078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES027078"]}]},{"name":"Purdue University Center for the Environment","award":["R01NS130722"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS130722"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) are environmental pollutants found in common sites linked to similar adverse health effects. This study determined driving factors of neurotoxicity on the developing cerebral vasculature with As and Pb mixture exposures. Cerebral vascular toxicity was evaluated at mixture concentrations of As and Pb representing human exposures levels (10 or 100 parts per billion; ppb; \u00b5g\/L) in developing zebrafish by assessing behavior, morphology, and gene expression. In the visual motor response assay, hyperactivity was observed in all three outcomes in dark phases in larvae with exposure (1\u2013120 h post fertilization, hpf) to 10 ppb As, 10 ppb Pb, or 10 ppb mix treatment. Time spent moving exhibited hyperactivity in dark phases for 100 ppb As and 100 ppb mix treatment groups only. A decreased brain length and ratio of brain length to total length in the 10 ppb mix group was measured with no alterations in other treatment groups or other endpoints (i.e., total larval length, head length, or head width). Alternatively, measurements of cerebral vasculature in the midbrain and cerebellum uncovered decreased total vascularization at 72 hpf in all treatment groups in the mesencephalon and in all treatment groups, except the 100 ppb Pb and 10 ppb As groups, in the cerebellum. In addition, decreased sprouting and branching occurred in the mesencephalon, while only decreased branching was measured in the cerebellum. The 10 ppb Pb group showed several cerebral vasculature modifications that were aligned with a specific gene expression alteration pattern different from other treatment groups. Additionally, the 100 ppb As group drove gene alterations, along with several other endpoints, for changes observed in the 100 ppb mix treatment group. Perturbations assessed in this study displayed non-linear concentration-responses, which are important to consider in environmental health outcomes for As and Pb neurotoxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12090624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T03:32:01Z","timestamp":1724643121000},"page":"624","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cerebral Vascular Toxicity after Developmental Exposure to Arsenic (As) and Lead (Pb) Mixtures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Keturah","family":"Kiper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Breeann","family":"Mild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chongli","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7293-1395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen M.","family":"Wells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4510-9117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3669-9111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2013.07.017","article-title":"Arsenic toxicity induced endothelial dysfunction and dementia: Pharmacological interdiction by histone deacetylase and inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitors","volume":"273","author":"Sharma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. 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