{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T09:50:35Z","timestamp":1777024235397,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life, and Welfare","award":["2016-07352"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016-07352"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life, and Welfare","award":["DR\/00\/076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DR\/00\/076"]}]},{"name":"The Belgian Science Policy Office","award":["2016-07352"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016-07352"]}]},{"name":"The Belgian Science Policy Office","award":["DR\/00\/076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DR\/00\/076"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Illicit drug use is common among attendees of electronic dance music (EDM) festivals, but is often significantly underreported by participants. The current study aimed to compare the prevalence and over- and under-reporting of illicit drug use among attendees at EDM festivals in two European countries with distinct drug laws and cultures. Self-reported data regarding recent drug use were collected through interviews. Participants\u2019 blood alcohol concentrations were measured using a breathalyzer. Recent illicit drug use was assessed through sampling microparticles in the breath and consequent off-site analysis through liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectroscopy. Illicit drug use was higher in Belgium than in Sweden as indicated by self-reports (56.8 vs. 4.3%) and drug testing (37.2 vs. 12.5%). Underreporting was higher in Sweden than in Belgium; in Sweden, only 2.6% reported taking an illicit drug other than cannabis, whereas 11.6% tested positive, while the corresponding figures in Belgium were 36.5% and 36.9%. In both countries, results from self-reporting and drug testing for specific drugs matched poorly at the individual level, indicating unwitting consumption of substances. This study indicates that the drug use prevalence and the likelihood of disclosure may differ between countries or cultures, which should be considered when choosing methods to investigate drug use prevalence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12090635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T11:33:37Z","timestamp":1724931217000},"page":"635","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Prevalence and Misreporting of Illicit Drug Use among Electronic Dance Music Festivals Attendees: A Comparative Study between Sweden and Belgium"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4928-9111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristin","family":"Feltmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"STAD, (Stockholm Prevents Alcohol and Drug Problems), 11364 Region Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute & Stockholm Health Care Services, 11364 Region Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3459-8381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bert","family":"Hauspie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Belgium Substance Use and Psychosocial Risk Behaviours (SUPRB), HOGENT University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicky","family":"Dirkx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Belgium Substance Use and Psychosocial Risk Behaviours (SUPRB), HOGENT University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6406-4685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias H.","family":"Elg\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"STAD, (Stockholm Prevents Alcohol and Drug Problems), 11364 Region Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute & Stockholm Health Care Services, 11364 Region Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olof","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute & Stockholm Health Care Services, 11364 Region Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Van Havere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Belgium Substance Use and Psychosocial Risk Behaviours (SUPRB), HOGENT University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9981-1417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna","family":"Gripenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"STAD, (Stockholm Prevents Alcohol and Drug Problems), 11364 Region Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute & Stockholm Health Care Services, 11364 Region Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-019-0203-8","article-title":"High levels of alcohol intoxication and strong support for restrictive alcohol policies among music festival visitors","volume":"14","author":"Feltmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Subst. 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